The Botanical Breakthrough:

Herbal Approaches to Reversing Alopecia

Payal N. Vaja¹*, Hiral S. Popaniya², Chintankumar J. Tank³, Chetan H. Borkhataria⁴,

Akhil N. Vachhani⁵, Dhrushit R. Pithiya⁶

¹Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy, Dr. Subhash University, Junagadh- 362001, Gujarat, India.

²Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy, Dr. Subhash University, Junagadh- 362001, Gujarat, India.

³Professor, School of Pharmacy, Dr. Subhash University, Junagadh- 362001, Gujarat, India.

⁴Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics,

B.K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Rajkot -360003 Gujarat, India.

⁵Research Scholar, Dr. Subhash University, School of Pharmacy, Junagadh-362001, Gujarat, India.

⁶Research Scholar, Dr. Subhash University, School of Pharmacy, Junagadh- 362001, Gujarat, India.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: payalvaja55@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Alopecia can be recognized as a life-threatening disorder. It is a medical disorder wherein hair loss occurs from the scalp, usually in part or all portions of the body. On the other hand, it seriously impairs one's mental health, sense of self-worth, and general quality of life. Numerous factors, such as genetic predispositions, environmental triggers, chemical or medication exposure, dietary deficiencies, severe stress, prolonged sickness, etc., can result in balding. This article has discussed alopecia, including its causes, kinds, and numerous medicinal plants and their parts that are used for alopecia therapy or prevention.

KEYWORDS: Alopecia, Herbal Treatment, Hair Loss, Herbal Supplements, Baldness.

INTRODUCTION:

Hairs can be defined as “Improved epithelial structure formed as a result of keratinization of germinative cells," Hairs are the outgrowths from the follicles existing on the skin. Keratin, which includes chemical components including carbon (c), nitrogen (n), sulfur (s), and oxygen (o), makes up hair. Though it varies from person to person, hair typically grows 15 to 30 mm each month. Hair is the one of the vital parts of the body derived from ectoderm of the skin, and is protective appendages on the body¹.

Two types of hair:

There are two type of hair 1st is Vellus hair and 2nd is Terminal hair. Vellus hairs are straight, thin, and have a pale tint.

Terminal hair is darker, thicker, and sometimes curly, and it grows in the brow and eyelid regions. 70–100. While losing a few hairs a day is not unusual, losing more than 100 hairs a day for more than a few weeks is a sign of a significant issue. Alopecia, a dermatological condition with over 2000 years of history, is a prevalent issue in both primary and cosmetic healthcare settings. It is thought to impact 0.2% to 2% of the global population and is widespread around the world. There are several synthetic medications available for hair loss, but they have serious adverse effects and don't provide permanent relief. These issues might be resolved by.

Types of hair loss:

1. Alopecia areata (Prime stage): This is a common autoimmune illness that causes hair loss on the scalp as well as other places. One or more small, round, smooth, non-scarring spots are typically where it begins. A patient with recurrent transient alopecia areata who never develops alopecia totalis or universalis is said to have mild short alopecia areata.

2. Transient Alopecia areata: Patients with this condition are in the advanced stages, and a small percentage go on to develop alopecia totalis or alopecia.

3. Ophiasis Alopecia areata: This kind of alopecia areata manifests as a band-like loss of hair. It usually affects the occipital or progressive regions of the scalp, making treatment more challenging because most medications work gradually in these regions.

4. Alopecia totalis: Loss of hair from whole Scalp.

5. Alopecia universalis: This condition causes the entire body to lose hair, including the eyebrows and eyelashes. Scarring alopecia is the result of any inflammatory process that is required to cause permanent loss of follicles, such as burns, bacterial infections, ringworm, or injuries. Trichotillomania: This kind of hair loss is referred to by the sufferer as dull self-pulling or compulsive pull.

6. Traction alopecia: Hairstyles that bind hair extremely tightly can lead to excessive traction at the hair root, which can result in adhesion alopecia.

7. Chemotherapy and the loss of hair: Although it is a habit unique to cancer patients, it also marks healthy cells and hair follicles. This type of alopecia is known as anagen effluvium and results in hair loss.

8. Diffuse alopecia: Needless hair loss throughout the scalp without any new hair growth. hair loss as a side effect of beauty treatments: Hair color, coloring, straightening, softening, rebounding, perming, and other harsh chemical-containing cosmetic treatments can cause hair loss in certain people. Food deficiencies, crash dieting, high fever, anemia, blood loss, hormonal imbalance, pregnancy, and telogen effluvium, both acute and chronic².

Factor affecting for Hair Loss:  There are several factors for the hair loss; some of the main factors are given below.

1. Family history (heredity):

The most common cause A genetic issue that occurs with aging is hair loss. Male-pattern baldness, female-pattern baldness, and androgenic alopecia are the names given to this disorder. In men, it typically manifests as receding hairlines and bald spots, whereas in women, it thins out the hair around the crown of the scalp. These patterns are usually gradual.

2. Hormonal changes and medical conditions:

Permanent or temporary hair loss can result from a number of circumstances, including hormonal changes brought on by pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, and thyroid issues. Medical disorders include ringworm, an immune system-related alopecia areata that results in patchy hair loss, and trichotillomania, a disorder that causes excessive hair pulling.

3. Medications and supplements:

Drugs used to treat cancer, arthritis, depression, heart issues, gout, and high blood pressure can have adverse effects including hair loss.

4. A very stressful event:

Many people notice a generalized thinning of hair a few months following an emotional or physical trauma. This kind of hair loss happens momentarily.

5. Hairstyles and treatments:

Tight hairstyles like cornrows or pigtails, as well as excessive hairstyling, can lead to traction alopecia, a kind of hair loss. Hair loss can also be brought on by permanents and hot-oil hair treatments. Permanent hair loss could result from scarring.³

Other factors of alopecia are as follows: Fungi infections, injury to the scalp physically, poisons, inadequate blood flow, malnourishment or poor diet, prescription medications, psychological, radiation exposure Ringworm, skin conditions, Be stressed out abrupt reduction in weight, operating on thyroid conditions.⁸

Hair growth cycle:

Figure 1: Hair growth cycle⁴

Androgenetic alopecia:

Androgenetic alopecia is the most common form of hair loss in both men and women and is characterized by the loss of hairs in defined pattern. When it affects women, it results in diffuse alopecia over the mid-frontal scalp (Female Pattern Alopecia) In men however the pattern of alopecia usually starts with a retreating hairline which then advances to thin the top of the head. The effect of androgenetic alopecia is overwhelmingly mental. While men expect agerelated going bald, similar interaction in ladies is typically unexpected and unwelcome at any time.⁵

Male Pattern Baldness:

Hair loss resulting in thinning is referred as alopecia. When it's associated with hormones (androgens) and genetics, it's referred to as androgenetic alopecia. When it's associated with hormones (androgens) and genetics, it's referred to as androgenetic alopecia. When androgenetic alopecia exposes a space of the scalp it is called baldness. Male pattern bald is described by a subsiding hairline or potentially going bald on the top and front of the head. Male pattern hair loss is an inherited disorder brought on by a genetic predisposition to certain scalp regions being more sensitive to the effects of dihydrotestosterone, or DHT. The expansion, or anagen, phase of the hair cycle is thought to be shortened by DHT from its typical period of three to six years to only a few weeks or months. This occurs concurrently with the follicles getting smaller, gradually producing fewer, higher-quality hairs. 5-alpha reductase is an enzyme that controls the production of DHT. A few characteristics that contrast in terms of the onset, progression, pattern, and intensity of hair loss in relatives are included. The genes that confer vulnerability are inherited from both parents. Genetic testing is currently unreliable for baldness prediction.⁶

Female Pattern Baldness:

The most widely recognized type of going bald found in ladies is androgenetic alopecia, also referred as female pattern alopecia or baldness. This is viewed as primarily thinning hair on the sides and top of the head. About one-third of all susceptible women have it, and while it can start as early as puberty, the average daily hair loss is between 100 and 125 hairs. It is typically observed during menopause. These hairs are probably replaced. When lost hairs do not recover or when daily hair loss exceeds 125 hairs, it is considered true balding. Hair loss can be inherited from either parent's side of the family.⁸

Figure 2: Male pattern baldness⁷

Figure 3: Female pattern baldness⁹

Table 1: Scientific Classification of plants

Plants	Kingdom	Division	Class	Order	Family	Genus	Species
Bhringraj	Plantae	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliopsida	Asterales	Asteraceae	Eclipta	EcliptaProstrat
Amla	Plantae	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliopsida	Malpighiales	Phyllanthac	Phyllanthus	P. emblic
Aloe vera	Plantae	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliopsida	Asparagales	Asphodelaceae	Aloe	Aloe vera
Onion	Plantae	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliopsida	Asparagales	Alliacea	Alliu	A.cepa
Rosemary	Plantae	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliopsida	Lamiaes	Lamiaceae	Salvia	S.Rosmarinus
Tulsi	Plantae	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliopsida	Lamiaes	Lamiaceae	Ocimum	Tnuiflorum
Chinarose	Plantae	Tracheophtya	Magnoliopsida	Malvales	Malvaceae	HIbicus	Rosa-Sinesis
Shikakai	Plantae	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliopsida	Fabales	Fabaceae	Senegalia	A.concinna

List of Various Plants:

1. Bhringraj:

Bhringraj is obtained from the dried as well as fresh leaves of eclipta alba, eclipta prostrata roxb belonging to the asteraceae family. Bhringraj contains vitamin e, polypeptides, steroid, calcium, iron, magnesium.the principle Eclipta alba contains coumestan derivatives such as wedololactone (1.6%) other chemical constituents is demethyalwedelolactone, demethyalwedelolactone-7glucoside and eclipta, beta-amyrin, luteolin-7-o-glucoside, sigmasterol.¹⁰

Figure 4: Structure of Wedololactone¹¹

Uses: Bhringrajis used as Promotes hair growth, prevents hair fall and baldness, treats dandruff and dry scalp, slows down hair graying, treats scalp infection, Nourishment to the hair, Liver cleanser, Aids for healthy skin, Blood pressure, Cholesterol, Prevent Urinary track infection, Soothe inflamed skin.

2. Amla:

It consists of fresh and dried fruit of the plant Phyllanthus emblica linn. It is belonging to phyllanthaceae family. The main chemical of amla is ellagic acid which is found about 4.3%. Other chemicals are high amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin c), and have a bitter taste that may derive from a high density of ellagitannins, such as emblicanin a (37%), emblicanin b (33%), punigluconin (12%), and pedunculagin (14%)¹².

Figure 5: Structure of ellagic acid¹³

Uses: It is used as, helps treat dandruff, minimizes hair loss, and reduces hair fall. Prevents premature greying of hair and Treats itchy or irritated scalp. Ellagic Acid's role. Ellagic acid has a great ability to promote hair development by lengthening the anagen phase and increasing follicular size.

3. Aloe vera:

Aloe vera consists of dried leaves of aloe barbadensis miller, belonging from liliaceae family. The three isomers of aloins—barboloin, β-barboloin, and isobarbaloin—which make up the so-called "crystalline" aloin and are found in the medication in amounts ranging from 10% to 30%—are the most significant components of aloes. Amor-phousaloin, resin, emodin, and aloe-emodin are additional ingredients¹⁴.

Figure 6. Structure of Aloin¹⁵

Uses: Medicinal uses of aloevera calms an itchy scalp. Aloevera is known to soothe the scalp. And prevent dandruff strengthens hair strands. Rich in vitamin a, c, and e. Aloevera promotes the growth of healthier and shinier hair. Controls oil. Aloe vera is great in controlling excess sebum. Promotes hair growth there is visibly less hair fall and hair breakage. Reduces frizz and improves shine aloe vera, being a natural hair conditioner, keeps those fly a ways in check and provide shine with its amino acids. Cures fungal infections. Aloevera has antibacterial properties that treat fungal infections in the scalp. Reduces hair fall. Aloevera is known to reduce hair breakage¹⁶.

4. Onion:

It consists of dried vegetable of allium cepa. it is belonging of amaryllidaceae family. the chief main active constituent of onion vegetables is diallyidisulphide (22%), diallytrisulphide (22%) other essential oils are linoic acid 64% - 65%, oleic acid 25% - 26%¹⁷.

Figure 7: Structure of Diallyl disulfide¹⁸

Uses: Used totreat Control hairfall, Re-grow new hairs, Effective lice treatment, adds shin, treat dandruff and itchy scalp, improves hair texture, prevent breakage and thinning, fights bacterial infection, maintain pH level of the scalp, Optimises the hair growth cycle.

5. Tulsi:

This consists of fresh leaves of plant known as ocimum tenuifloru it is belonging of lamiacea family. The tulsi plant contains numerous active compounds and the major compounds are, eugenol, linalol, methylchavicol, methylcinnamat, estragole. Bright, yellow-colored, and delightful volatile oil (0.1 to 0.9%) is present in tulsi leaves. The kind of drug, where it is cultivated, and when it is harvested all affect how much oil is in it. The oil is collected by steam distillation method from the leaves and flowering tops. It contains approximately 70% eugenol, carvacrol (3%), and eugenol-methyl-ether (20%)¹⁹.

Figure 8: Structure of Eugenol and Methyleugenol²⁰

Uses: Tulsi used as: Tulsi can help prevent hair fall, Tulsi can reduce greying of the hair and keep it thick and black, Tulsi can reduce dandruff, Tulsi can help prevent dry scalp, Antioxidant properties, Tulsi helps to reduce strees long hair growth follical reactivation.

6. Rosemary:

It is consistent of essential oil is rosmarinus officinalis it belongs of lamiaceae family.the main active constituent of the essential oil of, linalool (25%), gamma-terpinene (16.62%) rosmaryis composed of 0.8–6% esters, 8–20% alcohols, and 1-2% volatile oil. Its main ingredients include monoterpene hydrocarbons, 1, 8-cineole, borneol, camphor, and bornyl acetate. Lavendulyl acetate, cineol, terpineol, linalol, and lavendulyl acetate are the main ingredients in lavender oil²¹.

Figure 9: Structure of Lanilool²²

Uses: These oils wererubbed into the scalp every day for at least two minutes for a period of seven months. Improves scalp health and counters hair loss, Rosemary oil should be applied directly on the scalp instead of down the strands of the hair, Promoting hair growth, Use as a conditioner, Use as a shampoo Anti-bacterial agent, Antimicrobial agent, Insecticidal agent, Mosquitocidal agent, Anti-hyperlipidemic agent, Flower juice is given as a remedy for bleeding piles and also used in rheumatism, colds and bronchitis²³.

7. Shoeblack plant:

It consists of flowers and leaves of Hibiscus rosa- sinensis Linn. It is belonging of malvaceae family. Bioactive constituents like tanins, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavanoides, phenols, quinines, anthraquinones, saponins, and cardiac glycoside, protein, free aminoacid, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, mucilage, essential oils, and steroids are present in different parts of plant, which has therapeutic value. Stem and leaves: stigmasterol, taraxerylacetat, beta-sitosterol, 3-cyclo propane compounds²⁴.

Figure 10: Structure of Quercetin.²⁵

Figure 11: Structure of Beta-Sitosterol.²⁵

Uses: Leaf extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis increases hair length and the anagen/telogen ratio of mice's hair follicles¹⁸.

Formulation containing Eclipta alba Hassk, Hibiscus rosa- sinensis linn Nardostachys Jatamansi possesses good properties that promote hair development. They primarily work by lengthening the anagen phase and increasing the size of follicles. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of leaves have anti- infective, anti-dandruff, and prophylactic action against various skin diseases and allergies²⁶.

8. Shikakai:

It consists of dried gummy exudation of fruit and branches of acacia concinna, It is belonging of Leguminoceae family. The main chemical constituents of shikakai, Lupeol (57.14%), Spinasterol (44 – 48%), Acacia acid, Lactone, And the natural sugars and gluose, arabinose, andrhamnose, it is also contains, Hexacosanol, Spinasteron, Oxalic acid, Tartric acid, Citric acid, Succinic acid, Ascorbic acid²⁷.

Figure 12: Structure of Lupeol²⁸

Uses: Controls hair fall, Prevents dryness. Detangles hair. Cleans scalp without affecting the natural pH, Slows down premature graying of hair, Prevents split ends, Using shikakai oil for hair smooth, Promotes faster hair growth²⁹.

CONCLUSION:

Herbal Not only are pharmaceuticals becoming more and more in demand for primary healthcare in developing nations, but they are also more culturally acceptable, better suited to human bodies, and have less adverse effects. This review work focuses on various herbal plants having alopecia. Marketed formulation of alopecia has also been discussed. The review study concludes by giving a comprehensive view of various herbal medicines utilized to address alopecia as crude drug as well as herbal formulations is good alternatives of modern alopecia drugs which are having a lot of side effects. This study also suggests the future prospects of conducting clinical investigation on theherbal formulations.

CONFLICT IMPORTANT TO NOTE:

The writers have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors express their sincere thanks to Principal, Teaching and non-teaching faculty of Dr. Subhash University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India for providing guidance and support to this review work.

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Received on 11.01.2024      Revised on 07.06.2024 Accepted on 14.09.2024   Published on 17.12.2024 Available online on December 23, 2024 Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2024; 14(4):397-402. DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2024.00063 ©Asian Pharma Press All Right Reserved
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