The increased use of botanicals in cosmetics recently is mainly because of their mild action and non-toxic nature. In cosmetics, both Phyto-ingredients and natural supplements are used. Natural products include oils, extracts, secretions etc. Phyto-ingredients include pure constituents obtained by various processes⁴. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that approximately 80% of the global population relies on natural products for healthcare because of the side effects and rising costs of modern medicine⁵.

Advantages of Herbal Cosmetics:¹

1. No side effects or allergic reactions

2. Maximum activity with a lesser dose

3. Easy preparation

4. More stability, purity and efficacy

5. Lack of harsh chemicals

6. Nutrition rich

7. Economically Affordable

8. Eco-friendly

Types of cosmetics:⁶

Cosmeceutical preparations classified on the basis of application on the body parts which include. (Figure-1).

Face Wash:

Face wash refers to products that clean the face without drying it out. Another term for face wash is "cleanser"⁷.

A face wash is a type of facial cleanser specifically designed to remove makeup, dirt, oil, dead skin cells, and other impurities from the skin of the face. It helps unclog pores and prevents skin conditions such as acne, leaving the skin feeling clean and refreshed. People typically use a face wash as part of their daily skincare routine, along with a toner and moisturizer⁸. In ancient times, women were highly aware of their beauty and adorned themselves to enhance their appearance. Even today, especially in rural and hilly regions, people continue to prefer natural remedies like plant extracts such as buckwheat seed and aloe vera for cosmetic purposes⁹. The face skin, which indicates the health of an individual, is an important part of the body¹⁰. A gentle cleanser called face wash keeps the skin clean, germ-free, smooth, and fresh, while also moisturizing the horny layer without irritating the skin⁷.

During summer, excessive heat exposure dehydrates the skin, causing wrinkles, blemishes, pigmentation, and sunburns. In winter, extreme conditions damage the skin, leading to cracks, cuts, and infections. Skin diseases affect people of all age groups and can result from exposure to microbes, chemical agents, biological toxins, and malnutrition¹¹. Exfoliation is crucial for enhancing blood circulation and encouraging skin rejuvenation and renewal. It offers significant advantages to people dealing with enlarged facial pores and oily skin due to excessive sebum production by sebaceous glands, leading to clogged and greasier skin. To tackle this issue, cleansers infused with herbs and botanicals efficiently clear the pores and diminish excess oil. These exfoliating cleansers also feature anti-inflammatory components and antioxidants, aiding in the enhancement and nourishment of compromised skin⁵. Regular soaps have the potential to dry out delicate facial skin, which is particularly fragile. A face wash serves as a mild cleanser that effectively cleanses without causing irritation to the skin. Consequently, the skin appears youthful and vibrant¹². The purpose of a face wash might encompass cleansing, anti-wrinkle, anti-acne, moisturizing, and promoting skin fairness. Skin whitening products are believed to influence melanin synthesis and metabolism in the skin by inhibiting melanin production in melanocytes, thus reducing the overall melanin content¹². Heals Scars, prevent skin Infection, Purifies Skin, remove blackheads, Remove Pimples, Treats Pigmentation

Benefits of Face-wash:⁷

1. Heals Scars,

2. Prevent skin Infection,

3. Purifies Skin,

4. Remove blackheads,

5. Remove Pimples,

6. Treats Pigmentation

Forms of Face Wash:¹³

1. Gel based face wash

2. Cream based face wash

3. Liquid based face wash

Powdered face washes are becoming popular. While face washes typically work well for all skin types, nowadays there are various products tailored for specific skin conditions. For instance, there are face washes designed for oily skin, formulated without oils and leaving a light, oily film on the skin. These specialized face washes are now widely available in the market.

1. Oily skin face wash

2. Dry skin face wash

3. Normal skin face wash Feature of face wash

Additives use for face wash:

Gelling agent:¹⁴

Gelling agents are substances capable of transforming water or oil phases into a gel, making them thickened yet not stiff. Emulsions thickened with these agents are more fluid and mobile rather than rigid. Some of these gels become thinner under applied force (thixotropic) and return to their original viscosity when the force is removed. These gels enable the creation of thick products that can be easily poured or sprayed, allowing for smoother bottling and handling under high shear conditions. Ex. Xanthan gum.

Preservative:¹⁵

Preservatives are utilized to prolong the shelf life of products. Certain organisms used for this purpose can produce harmful substances known as toxins. For instance, methyl paraben and propyl paraben are examples of such preservatives.

Humectant:¹⁶

A humectant is a moisture-absorbing substance employed to maintain the moisture content of objects, acting in contrast to desiccants. Typically, humectants consist of molecules with multiple hydrophilic groups, predominantly hydroxyl groups. These substances absorb and retain moisture from the surrounding air, drawing water vapor into and beneath the surface of organisms or objects, Ex. Honey, Coconut oil.

Foaming agent:¹⁷

A foaming agent is a substance that aids in the creation of foam, such as a surfactant or a blowing agent. Surfactants, when used in minimal quantities, lower the surface tension of a liquid (making it easier to create foam) or enhance its colloidal stability by preventing bubble coalescence. Meanwhile, a blowing agent is a gas that constitutes the gaseous component of the foam, Ex, saponin.

Therapeutic application of face wash:

Antimicrobial:¹⁶

Antimicrobial antibiotics are substances that inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria in a broad sense. Both antibiotics and antimicrobials can kill bacteria, although their definitions have evolved over time. Presently, antimicrobials are defined as substances utilized to disinfect surfaces and eliminate potentially harmful microorganisms.

Anti-inflammatory:¹⁸

Anti-inflammatory substances or treatments can reduce swelling and irritation. These medications constitute about half of all pain relievers and function by reducing inflammation, unlike narcotics, which act on the central nervous system to block pain signals to the brain.

Anti-acne:¹⁸

Acne is a skin condition causing outbreaks of lesions known as pimples or "zits." The prevalent form among adolescents is called acne vulgaris. Antiacne medications assist in clearing pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, and more severe lesions that occur during an acne outbreak in teenagers.

Anti-oxidant:¹⁷

Antioxidants are natural substances or compounds that can help prevent or delay cell damage. Fruits and vegetables, for example, are rich in antioxidants. Dietary supplements containing antioxidants, such as lycopene, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E, are also readily available options.

Properties of face wash:¹⁸

· Exfoliation enhances skin rejuvenation and renewal by boosting blood circulation.

· Overactive sebaceous glands produce excess sebum, clogging pores and making the skin oily.

· Cleansers containing herbs and botanicals that clear pores and reduce oil build up are essential for oily skin. These exfoliating cleansers with soothing and antioxidant ingredients help repair and nourish damaged skin.

· It needs to be both sturdy and visually appealing.

· When applied to the skin, it should be gentle.

· It should be easy to distribute without dragging.

· It should not feel greasy or oily during application.

· Instead of absorption, its primary effect should be skin flushing and pore opening.

· After application, a thin emollient layer should remain on the skin.

Functions of face wash:¹⁹

· Face wash is a cosmetic used for facial care to cleanse the skin.

· Rejuvenating skin cells reduces stress.

· It eliminates oil, dirt, and impurities.

· It exfoliates dead cells from the skin.

· It promotes the regeneration and renewal of skin cells.

· It aids in proper penetration of other products into the skin.

Table 1: Herbs used in face wash

Herbs	Biological Source	Family
Aloe vera	Cape Aloe	Liliaceae
Rosemary	Rosmarinus Officinalis	Lamiaceae
Buckwheat seeds	Fagopyrum Esculentum	Polygonacee
Betel-nut palm	Areca Catechu	Palmae
Calendula	Calendula Officinalis	Asteraceae
Babchi	Psoralea Corylifolia	Leguminosae
Burdock root	Arctium Lappa l.	Asteraceae
Chia	Salvia Hispanica	Lamiaceae
Sacha inchi	Plukenetia Volubilis	Euphorbiaceous
Jojoba oil	Simmondsia Chinenesis	Simmondsiaceae

1. Aloe vera:^20,25

Aloe vera also known as Aloe, Musabbar, Kumari. Aloe is the dried juice collected by incision from the bases of leaves of various species of aloes, Cape aloe, Curacao aloe, Socotrine aloe, Zanzibar aloe, belonging to the Liliaceae family. It is come from Anthraquinone Glycoside Category. Aloevera contains Barbaloin, Aloin, Iso-barbaloin, Aloe-emodin, Resin, Aloesin, Aloinoside A & B, Aloetic acid, Chrysophanic acid, Chrysamminic acid, Galactouronic acid, Choline, Choline Salicylate. Mechanism of action of aloe vera is Aloe vera stimulates the production of collagen and elastin fibers, making the skin more elastic and reducing wrinkles. It softens the skin by sticking superficial flaking cells together. Aloe's amino acids and zinc content further soften hardened skin cells and tighten pores. Research shows it's effective in treating dry skin, reducing wrinkles, and decreasing redness. Additionally, it has anti-acne properties.

Fig-2(a) Aloin Fig-2(b) Aloesin

Uses:

Aloe vera serves multiple roles in Minor burn and skin burn, Hepatoprotective potential, Soothes sunburns, Treat dry skin, Lightens scars and blemishes. Aloe vera has anti-aging and Tyrosinase inhibitor properties.

2. Rosemary:^26,30

It is known as Gulmehendi, Rujamari, Rosmarini. It consists Oil of Rosemary is distilled from the flowering tops of leafy twigs of Rosmarinus officinalis, which belongs to the family Lamiaceae. The active constituent of the rosemary is Carnosic acid, Rosmarinic acid, Carnosol, Ursolic acid, Linalool, Camphor, 1,8-cineol. It is come from volatile Oil Category. Mechanism of action of Rosemary gives antioxidant effect, Antioxidants prevent the formation of harmful molecules (ROS) by directly neutralizing them. They reduce the levels of these harmful molecules in and around our cells, stop them from harming our cells, and hinder their spread. This process helps prevent oxidative stress, which in turn slows down the aging process.

Fig-3(a) Carnosic acid Fig-3(b)Carnosol

Fig-3(c) Rosmarinic acid

Uses:

Used as an Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antitumor, Antidiabetic, Relaxant effect on smooth muscle, Used in aromatherapy, Carminative and Mild irritant, Used as a strong preservative.

3. Buckwheat Seed:^31,34

It is Known as Beach Wheat, Kuttu. Buckwheat consists from seeds of Fagopyrum Sculentum Moenc, belonging to the family Polygonaceae. It is come from Flavonoids Category. The chemical constituents present is Orientin, Isoorientin, Vitexin, Isovitexin, Rutin, Quercetrin.

Fig-4(a) Rutin Fig-4(b) Quarcetin

Uses:

It is act as an Anti-oxidant and other uses of buckwheat is Support skin's elasticity, Anti-aging ingredient in skincare, Effects of aging such as wrinkles while promoting longevity.

1. 4. Betel Nut Palm:^35,37

Synonyms of betel nut palm is Supari, Areca nut, Indian nut. It comprises Seeds derived from Areca Catechu Palm tree, belonging to the family Palmae. It is from Alkaloids Category. The chemical constituents of betel nut palm are Arecoline, Arecaidine, Guvacine, Guvacoline, Polyphenols, Including tannins and alkaloids,Catechin.The Mechanism of action is Extract from arecanut is found to inhibit elastase and hyaluronidase enzymes in the skin tissues. After purification, it was identified as a phenolic substance, showing competitive inhibition with the substrate. These findings imply that this phenolic substance from A. catechu has anti-aging effects by safeguarding connective tissue.

Fig-5 Arecoline

Uses:

Uses of Areca Cathechu is Effective against free radicals, contains anti-enzymes that resist wrinkles, Inhibit tyrosinase enzymes

5.Calendula:^38,42

It is also known as Calendula, Pot marigold, Common marigold. These are the dried Flower of the plant known as Calendula Officinalis Linn, belonging to the family Lamiaceae. It is come from Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Triterpeneol esters Category. The chemical constituents in Calendula are Oleanic Acid, Lupeol, Quercetin, α Amyrin, β Amyrin. Mechanism of action is Essential fatty acids like linoleic acid in calendula oil or extract can effectively nourish your skin. They enable skin cells to absorb nutrients and maintain hydration for extended periods, especially beneficial for dry skin. Calendula-infused products can enhance skin softness, suppleness, and overall nourishment.

Fig-6(a) Lupeol

Fig-6(b) Oleanic acid

Uses:

Calendula is used as an antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral agent. It has a Soothing Properties and act as an Antiseptic, Hepatoprotective, Antidiabetic medicine.

6.Babchi:^43,47

It is also known as Bawachi, Backuchi, Psoralea seeds, Malay tea. Psoralea consists of dried ripe fruits and seeds of Psoralea corylifolia, which belongs to the family Leguminosae. It is come from Essential oil and Flavonoids Category. The active constituents in backuchi are Buckuchiol, Isopsoralen, Psoralen, Bakuchalcone, Corylifolin, Psoralidin Mechanism of action of bakuchiol is helps prevent retinal damage by reducing ganglion cell death. It inhibits the formation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by oxidative stress in HepG2 hepatocytes, suggesting its potential in slowing down the aging process.

Fig-7(a) Buckuchiol Fig-7(b) Isopsoralen

Uses:

It is utilized as an Antibacterial activity, Antifungal, Antiviral activity, Protective Effect, Chemo preventive effects, Antioxidant, Anti psoriatic, Antiaging, Treat skin condition(anti-acne).

7.Burdock root:^48,50

It is also known as Jungali kuth, Greater burdock, Gobo, Goboshi. It consist from roots of Arctium Lappa L., belonging to the family Asteraceae. It is come from Flavonoids category.Various bioactive constituents such as Arctiin, Arctigenin, Sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene lactones, Acetylenic compounds, Phenolic acids, Flavonoid glycosides, Alkaloids.

Fig-8(a) Arctiin

Fig-8(b) Arctigenin

Uses:

Used as a Acne, Allergies, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Psoriasis, Senility/Aging Conditions, Skin disorders, Cell regeneration, Cleansing, Detoxifying.

8.Chia:^51,57

It is known as Chia, Cheeya, Sweet basil seed. It consists from seeds of Salvia Hispanica, belonging to the family Lamiaceae. It is come from Flavonoids category. The Chemical constituents are Apigenin, Luteolin, Orientin, Myricetin, Vitexin. Mechanism of action of chia is, the use of apigenin can safeguard against and reduce the activity of MMP-1(Matrix Metalloproteinases), an endopeptidase enzyme that breaks down the collagen matrix. A damaged collagen matrix leads to reduced elasticity and dry skin.

Fig-9 (a) Apigenin

Fig-9 (b) Luteolin

Uses:

It also possesses Reducing signs of premature aging and wrinkles, Boost skin glow and health, Antioxidant, Act as an excellent skin moisturizer, Anti-inflammatory, Hypolipemic, Hypoglycemic, Hepatoprotective.

9.Sacha inchi:^58,60

Synonyms of sacha inchi Ountain peanut, sacha peanut or Inca nut. It comprises the dried seed of Plukenetia Volubilis, belonging to the family Euphorbiaceous. It is come from Fatty acid category. The chemical consituents α -Linolenic acid, Linoleic acids, p-Anisidine.

Fig-10 α-linolenic acid

Uses: Calm irritated skin, Reduce redness associated with acne, Antioxidant, Anti inflammatory, Anti acne, Anti psoriatic.

10.Jojoba oil:^61,63

It is known as Jojoba pignut, Deer nut, Goat nut, Wild hazel. Jojoba oil is a liquid wax expressed from the seeds of Simmondsia Chinensis, belonging to the family Simmondsiaceae. It is come from Wax category. Different classes of bioactive compounds, such as Eicosenoic acid, Docosenoic acid.

Fig-11 Eicosenoic acid

Uses:

It also possesses Antioxidant, Anti-acne, Anti psoriasis, Anti-inflammatory, Antifungal, Antipyretic, Analgesic, Antimicrobial.

CONCLUSION:

In this review, we looked closely at herbal cosmetics, with a specific focus on herbal face wash. Skin is the most important part of our body and the color is determined by the presence of melanin in the skin. We discussed many of herbs and chemical constituents present in the herbs which are used as skin care agents and also as skin whitening agents. Plants like Aloe vera, Rosemary, Buckwheat seeds, Betel-nut palm, Calendula, etc. Aloin, Rosmarinic acid, Rutin, Arecoline, Lupeol and many other phytoconstituents which are used in herbal cosmetic as skin care agents in cosmetic industries. Some of flavonoids and triterpenoids present in these herbs show their effect as antioxidant and skin whitening agents.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors express their sincere thanks to Dean, Teaching and non-teaching staff of Dr. Subhash University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India for providing guidance and support to this review work.

REFERENCES:

1. Arora R, Aggarwal G, Dhingra GA, Nagpal M. Herbal active ingredients used in skin cosmetics. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2019; 12(9):7-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i9.33620

2. Pagar RY, Chavan MD, Mahajan GS, Thakare PM, Amrute NH, Yawar AM. A Review on Herbal Plants Used in Anti-Acne Face Wash. Latin American Journal of Pharmacy. 2023 Jul 19; 42(3):820-32.

3. Khare DD, Maru AD, More YM, Quraishi SR. Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Facewash Tablets. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2022; 9(8):250-255.

4. Varghese JV, Athira P, Sandra TS, Sruthi KB, Jose S. A Research on Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Anti-acne Facewash. The International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts. 2022 April; 10(4):488-498.

5. Nair SS, Raveendran AM, Drishya IV, Pranav AV, Abhay Krishna M. Preparation and Evaluation of Herbal Facewash Gel Containing Cynodon dactylon. World Journal of Pharmacy and. Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2023 May; 12(7):1590-1601. DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20237-25330

6. Deore S.L, Baviskar B.A, Khadabadi S.S. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, A Comprehensive Approach, 2nd Edition. Pharma Med Press/BSP Books. 2018 Jan; Pg. 616. ISBN: 9789387593794

7. Dev K, Gupta AK, Misra SK. A Comprehensive Review on Skincare Cosmeceuticals. Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2022 Jan; 6(1); 90-100.

8. Prajapati V, Maury S, Wasiullah M, Yadav P. A Review on Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Face wash. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications. 2023; 8(3):518-523.

9. Ingle A, Meshram MB. Formulation and evaluation of ayurvedic face wash. The International Journal of Phytopharmacology. 2018 Jul 30; 8(3):26-30.

10. Srinivas, M., Supriya, D., and Singh, D. A. Current Review on Herbal Face Care. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 2021; 67(2): 101–107. https://doi.org/10.47583/ijpsrr.2021.v67i02.017.

11. Pal RS, Pal Y, Saraswat N, Wal P, Wal A. Current review on herbs for derma care. The Open Dermatology Journal. 2019 Aug 31; 13(1). DOI: 10.2174/1874372201913010041, 2019, 13, 41-46

12. Ganpat MM, Aswar AR, Hingane LD. To Formulate and Evaluate Aloe-Vera Face Wash. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology. 2022 June; 10(6):3782-3789.

13. Solanki D, Sagrule SD, Unhale SS, Ansar QB, Chitte MG, Biyani KR. Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Instant Whitening Face Wash. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2020 Mar 19; 9(5):2541-57. DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20205-17516

14. Mane PK, Dangare A. Herbal Face Wash Gel of Cynodon Dactylon Having Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory Action. Pharmaceutical Resonance. 2020; 3(1): 36-43.

15. Takale TL, Surwase AS, Pathade AA, Hake K. A Review Literature on Herbal Facewash. The International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts. 2023 May; 11(5):89-98.

16. Sehgal A, Banyal M, Gupta J, Joshi S. Formulation and Evaluation of Anti-acne Herbal Facewash. International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education. 2023; 9(2):1652-1662.

17. Agarwal N, Jindal A. Herbal Components as an Advantageous Remedy for Pimple and Acne in Face-Wash: A Systemic Review. Current Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2023 May 11:01-20. DOI https://doi.org/10.24092/CRPS.2023.130101

18. Nazeer AS, Patil RP, Patil MA. Formulation of Herbal Facewash. International Journal of Research and Review. 2023; 4(1):1813-1824.

19. Kokate C. K. Purohit A. P. Gokhale S. B. Pharmacognosy Nirali Prakashan 52nd Edition. (9.9-9.16). ISBN:978-81-96396-15-2

20. https://www.medchemexpress.com/aloesin.html

21. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27140379

22. Afnan Q, Kaiser PJ, Rafiq RA, Nazir LA, Bhushan S, Bhardwaj SC et al. Glycyrrhizic acid prevents ultraviolet-B-induced photodamage: a role for mitogen-activated protein kinases, nuclear factor kappa B and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Experimental Dermatology. 2016; 25(6): 440–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.12964

23. Bean MF, Abramson D. Extraction, purification and identification of Aloe gel from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller). Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 2009; 5(3):111– 115.

24. Gupta SD, Masakapalli SK. Mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity of Aloe vera L. gel from different germplasms. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines. 2013; 11(6):616–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(13)60071-0

25. Surjushe A, Vasani R, Saple DG. Aloe vera: a short review. Indian Journal of Dermatology. 2008; 53(4): 163. DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.44785

26. Vinod D. Rangari. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. Carrer Publication. 3rd Edition. Vol-1; Pg362-363. ISBN:978-81-88739-98-1

27. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnosic_acid

28. González-Minero FJ, Bravo-Díaz L, Ayala-Gómez A. Rosmarinus officinalis L.(Rosemary): An ancient plant with uses in personal healthcare and cosmetics. Cosmetics. 2020; 7(4): 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics7040077

29. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosmarinic_acid

30. Pouillot A, Polla LL, Tacchini P, Neequaye A, Polla A, Polla B. Natural antioxidants and their effects on the skin. Formulating, Packaging, and marketing of Natural Cosmetic Products. 2011 Jul 18:239-57. DOI:10.1002/9781118056806.ch13

31. Ahmed A, Khalid N, Ahmed A, Abbasi NA, Latif MSZ, and Randhawa MA. Phytochemicals and Biofunctional Properties of Buckwheat: A Review. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 2013; 152(3): 349–369. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859613000166

32. Verma KC, Rana AS, Joshi N, Bhatt D. Review on common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench): A potent Himalayan crop. Annals of Phytomedicine. 2020; 9:1-33. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ap.2020.9.2.10

33. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercetin

34. Sofi SA, Ahmed N, Farooq A, Rafiq S, Zargar SM, Kamran F, Dar TA, Mir SA, Dar BN, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Nutritional and Bioactive Characteristics of Buckwheat, and Its Potential for Developing Gluten‐free Products: An Updated Overview. Food Science and Nutrition. 2023 May; 11(5): 2256-76. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3166

35. Begum H, Hebbar KB. A review on phytochemical and pharmacological potential of Areca catechu L. Seed. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2012; 3(11): 4151-4157

36. Grover M. Areca catechu L. (Chikni Supari): A Review Based Upon its Ayurvedic and Pharmacological Properties. The Journal of Phytopharmacology. 2021; 10(5): 338-44. doi: 10.31254/phyto.2021.10510

37. Staples GW, Bevacqua RF. Areca catechu (betel nut palm). Species profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. 2006 Aug; 1(13):1-9.

38. AshwlayanVD KA, Verma M. Therapeutic potential of Calendula officinalis. Pharmacy and Pharmacology International Journal. 2018; 6(2):149-55. DOI: 10.15406/ppij.2018.06.00171

39. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupeol

40. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10494

41. https://learncanyon.com/ingredients/calendula-extract/

42. Patil K, Sanjay CJ, DoggALLI N, Devi KR, Harshitha N. A Review of Calendula Officinalis-Magic in Science. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2022 Feb 1; 16(2). DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2022/52195.16024

43. Masihuzzaman AM, Iftikhar MY, Alia B, Farheen K. Babchi (Psoralea corylifolia Linn.): An effective Unani medicine for dermatological disorders: A review. International Journal of Unani and Integrative Medicine. 2022; 6(1): 17-21.

44. Alam F, Khan GN, Asad MH. Psoralea corylifolia L: Ethnobotanical, biological, and chemical aspects: A review. Phytotherapy Research. 2018 Apr; 32(4):597-615. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6006.

45. Khushboo PS, Jadhav VM, Kadam VJ, Sathe NS. Psoralea corylifolia Linn.“Kushtanashini”. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2010 Jan; 4(7):69. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.65331

46. Koul B, Taak P, Kumar A, Kumar A, Sanyal I. Genus Psoralea: a review of the traditional and modern uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2019 Mar 25; 232:201-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.036.

47. Kokate C. K. Purohit A. P. Gokhale S. B. Pharmacognosy Nirali Prakashan 52nd Edition. (9.81-9.82). ISBN:978-81-96396-15-2

48. Miazga-Karska M, Michalak K, Ginalska G. Anti-acne action of peptides isolated from burdock root—preliminary studies and pilot testing.Molecules. 2020 Apr 27; 25(9):2027. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092027.

49. Ishii T, Shimizu T, Imai M, Healy J, Rouzard K, Tamura M, Fitzgerald C. Arctigenin-Enriched Burdock Seed Oil (ABSO): A New Skin Brightening Botanical Extract. Cosmetics. 2023; 10(1):10. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics10010010

50. Mondal SC, Lee WH, Eun JB. Ultrasonic extraction of reducing sugar and polyphenols from burdock (Arctium lappa L.) root waste and evaluation of antioxidants and α-glucosidase inhibition activity. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2023 Mar 9:1-8.

51. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctium_lappa

52. De Falco B, Amato M, Lanzotti V. Chia seeds products: an overview. Phytochemistry Reviews. 2017 Aug; 16:745-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-017-9511-7

53. Valdivia-López MÁ, Tecante A. Chia (Salvia hispanica): A review of native Mexican seed and its nutritional and functional properties. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. 2015 Jan 1; 75:53-75. https:doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2015.06.002

54. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigenin

55. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteolin

56. Arterbery VE, Gupta S. Apigenin as an anti-aging skin treatment. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 2018; 2(2):1-8.

57. Motyka S, Koc K, Ekiert H, Blicharska E, Czarnek K, Szopa A. The current state of knowledge on Salvia hispanica and Salviae hispanicae semen (Chia seeds). Molecules. 2022; 27(4):1207. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041207

58. Gutiérrez LF, Rosada LM, Jiménez Á. Chemical composition of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) seeds and characteristics of their lipid fraction. Grasasy Aceites. 2011 Mar 30; 62(1):76-83.

59. http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4444437.html

60. Wang S, Zhu F, Kakuda Y. Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.): Nutritional composition, biological activity, and uses. Food Chemistry. 2018 Nov 1; 265:316-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.055

61. Gad HA, Roberts A, Hamzi SH, Gad HA, Touiss I, Altyar AE, Kensara OA, Ashour ML. Jojoba Oil: An updated comprehensive review on chemistry, pharmaceutical uses, and toxicity. Polymers. 2021 May 24; 13(11):1711. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111711

62. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-Eicosenoic_acid

63. Kokate C. K. Purohit A. P. Gokhale S. B. Pharmacognosy Nirali Prakashan 52nd Edition. (11.23-11.24). ISBN:978-81-96396-15-2

Received on 12.01.2024 Modified on 17.05.2024

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2024; 14(3):319-325.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2024.00050