INTRODUCTION:

The traditional Indian medicinal system contains extensive knowledge about herbal remedies used to treat various diseases. Ayurvedic and Unani medicine texts are rich sources of information on the benefits of herbal drugs. These natural medicines are considered a promising alternative to modern synthetic drugs, as they often have minimal or no side effects and are generally safe. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 80% of people in developing countries primarily rely on traditional medicines for their healthcare needs. Laboratories worldwide are actively involved in the study of plant chemical constituents and pharmacological screening to identify potential candidates for the development of new therapeutic agents.

Pharmacognosy plays a crucial role in providing comprehensive information about crude drugs.¹

In recent years, researchers have placed significant emphasis on uncovering safe and efficient medicinal compounds derived from plants. This focus has stemmed from the connection between degenerative diseases like cardiovascular conditions, cancer, and arthritis and the presence of metabolic by-products such as free radicals, which are reactive oxygen species. Scientists have been increasingly investigating the potential of antioxidants to interact with these free radicals, not only for enhancing health benefits but also for preserving the stability of food products. Vegetables belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family are particularly valuable in this regard due to their abundant chemical constituents, which contribute to both the nutritional quality and the oxidative stability of food.^2,27

Oxidative stress, characterized by the imbalance between the body's production of free radicals and their removal by antioxidant defense mechanisms, is a significant factor contributing to various degenerative conditions like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, and macular degeneration. These free radicals, primarily oxygen-based and known as reactive oxygen species, include superoxide radical anion (O₂), hydroxyl radical (OH), and peroxyl radical. To maintain a proper redox balance and support enzymatic processes, the body relies on external compounds such as ascorbic acid, tocopherols, tocotrienols, polyphenols, carotenoids, and other phytochemicals, which are abundant in fruits and vegetables. Numerous studies have consistently demonstrated that regular consumption of fruits and vegetables is effective in combating oxidative stress-related conditions.^3,7

The Cucurbitaceae family, often referred to as the gourd, melon, or pumpkin family, consists mainly of medium-sized plants that typically climb.²²This plant family encompasses 118 genera and a total of 825 species, with a widespread presence in warmer regions across the globe. These plants have played a significant role in the cultivation of economically valuable domesticated species, many of which are among the earliest cultivated plants known to humanity. They are prized for their medicinal and nutritional properties. Within the Cucurbitaceae family, Lagenaria species stand out for their substantial contribution to the overall popularity of these plants.^4,24

The bottle gourd is classified under the genus Lagenaria, which is derived from the word "lagena," meaning bottle. In older literature, it was often referred to as Lagenaria vulgaris for the common variety or Lagenaria leucantha for the white-flowered gourd. However, it is now widely accepted that the correct name is Lagenaria siceraria (Mol) Standl. Evidence suggests that the bottle gourd originated in India. Wild varieties of bottle gourd can still be found in Dehradun, a region with high humidity, and along the Malabar coastal area. Ancient Indian scripts provide insights into its cultivation dating back to 2000 B.C.^{5,8,16,17,19,22}

DIFFERENT BRANDS OF BOTTLE GOURD CHURNA:

Nisarg Bottle Gourd powder:

Nisarg's bottle gourd powder, a well-known brand in the world of bottle gourd churna, is highly regarded for its premium quality. It stands out for being completely free from pesticides or herbicides, offering the highest standard of all-natural, non-allergenic, 100% raw powder. This product is not only vegan but also entirely pure.

In terms of nutritional content, it provides 3.5mg of iron, 320mg of phosphorus, 80mg of calcium, 1.2mg of vitamin B, 20mg of vitamin C, minimal fat at 0.50mg, 3.10mg of essential minerals, and 1.30grams of dietary fiber.⁶

Aekm bottle gourd powder:

Aekm is another well known Brand of bottle gourd powder. It contains carbohydrates 80.15g, calories 225k cal, iron 3.5mg, phosphorus 320mg, calcium 80mg, vitamin B 1.2mg, vitamin c 20mg, Fat 0.50cal, mineral 3.10g, Fiber 1.30gm etc. Per 100gm. It is energetic to heart veins muscles in body. Also use as immuno-booster.^14,15

Figure no 1 Figure no 2

Figure no 3

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES:

Diuretic activity:

In a study conducted by Ghule et al. in 2007, the diuretic potential of Lagenaria siceraria, both in its juice extract (LSJE) and ethanol extract (LSME), was found to be significant and comparable to that of furosemide, a standard diuretic agent. The study involved albino rats as test subjects.

When rats were treated with vacuum-dried LSJE and LSME at doses ranging from 100 to 200mg/kg orally (p.o.), they exhibited increased urine volume compared to the control group. Dose-response experiments revealed that the maximal diuretic effect was observed at a dose of 200mg/kg p.o. for both LSME and LSJE. Additionally, the excretion of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions was significantly enhanced.

The diuretic action of LSJE and LSME, as demonstrated in the study, was statistically similar to that of the standard diuretic furosemide at a dose of 20mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.). These findings suggest that LSJE and LSME have effective diuretic properties, particularly in increasing the excretion of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions.¹³

Antioxidant activity:

The results indicated that the fresh fruit extract displayed higher DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1,1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity compared to the other samples. Interestingly, both fresh and dried fruits exhibited relatively similar antioxidant effects.

In the DPPH radical scavenging assay, antioxidants interact with the stable free radical DPPH, transforming it into 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine while slowing down the reaction. Furthermore, the scavenging effects of the extracts increased in proportion to their concentrations, showing similar trends. Moreover, the ethanol extract of Lagenaria siceraria demonstrated robust H2O2 scavenging activity, indicating its effectiveness in neutralizing hydrogen peroxide radicals.²⁵

Cardioprotective activity:

M. Hassanpour Fard et al. (2008) conducted a study to examine the cardioprotective effects of Lagenaria Siceraria (LS) fruit powder against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in male Wistar rats weighing 250-300g. The rats were divided into three groups: Group 1 served as the control (received gum acacia 2%), Group 2 received doxorubicin (10mg kg-1), and Group 3 received doxorubicin along with LS (200mg kg-1 for 18 days). The administration of Lagenaria siceraria (LS) significantly reduced the QT interval (p<0.01) and ST segment (p<0.05), while there was a non-significant increase in heart rate. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in serum Creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme, aspartate aminotransferase (p<0.001), and lactate dehydrogenase (p<0.05) levels compared to the doxorubicin-only group.

The study also revealed that there was a significant increase in the level of glutathione (p<0.05) and a non-significant increase in superoxide dismutase in the group treated with Lagenaria siceraria (LS). Furthermore, the inhibition of lipid peroxidation (p<0.01) was observed compared to the group treated with only doxorubicin. In the histopathological examination, the Lagenaria siceraria (LS) treated group showed protective effects against myocardial toxicity induced by doxorubicin.¹¹

Antihyperlipidemic activities:

The study of L. siceraria fruit extract showed significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides, suggesting it could be a potential household remedy for hyperlipidemia. Additionally, research on the methanolic extract of L. siceraria demonstrated its ability to increase HDL cholesterol, which could be beneficial for treating coronary heart diseases in India. Furthermore, when tested on Pheretimaposthuma worms, both methanol and benzene extracts effectively caused paralysis and death of the worms, supporting the traditional use of the plant's seeds as an anthelmintic treatment.

Anti-Inflammatory activities:

In 2006, B.V. Ghule and colleagues conducted a study to explore the anti-inflammatory properties of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Stand. Fruit juice extract (LSFJE) in rodents. They examined LSFJE's potential analgesic effects by assessing its impact on acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced pain in mice. Additionally, the study delved into the anti-inflammatory properties of LSFJE by using various acute inflammatory models, including ethyl phenylpropionate-induced ear edema, carrageenin- and arachidonic acid-induced hind paw edema, as well as albumin-induced paw edema in rats.^12,18,23

AIM AND OBJECTIVES:

AIM:

Preparation, Evaluation and Comparison of Marketed Formulation of Bottle Gourd Churna of Plant (Lagenaria siceraria)

OBJECTIVES:

· To prepare churna which used in various health Problem

· To lower risk of health

· To improve overall health

· To carry out the physicochemical standards of bottle gourd churna.

· To carry out preliminary phytochemical screening of bottle gourd churna.

PLAN OF WORK

· Literature survey.

· Selection of bottle gourd for the preparation of churna.

· Collection of marketed bottle gourd churna.

· Preparation of bottle gourd churna.

· Physicochemical evaluation.

· Phytochemical’sevaluation.

· Compilation of data

Fig. no. 4: Bottle Gourd (lagenaria siceraria)

Plant Profile and Taxonomical Classification:

Kingdom: Plantae

Order: Cucurbitales

Division : Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Genus: Lagenaria

Species: L. siceraria

Part used: Fruit, root, leaves and seed oil

Uses:

1. The fruits have a long history of traditional use, serving various purposes such as cardioprotection, cardiac toning, as a general tonic, diuretic, aphrodisiac, antidote for specific poisons, remedy for scorpion stings, an alternative purgative, and for their cooling effects.

2. They are known to alleviate pain, treat ulcers and fever, and are particularly valued for addressing pectoral coughs, asthma, and other bronchial conditions, often in the form of a syrup made from tender fruits.

3. The fruit pulp is esteemed for its cooling diuretic properties, its effectiveness against biliousness, its utility in managing coughs, and its role as an antidote to specific poisons.

4. Lagenaria siceraria leaves are administered as an emetic through leaf juice or decoction, and sweetened versions are used to treat jaundice. Crushed leaves also find application in addressing baldness and as a topical remedy for headaches.

5. These leaves additionally serve as an alternative purgative.

6. The flowers are noted for their potential as antidotes for certain poisons.

7. The bark is recognized for its diuretic properties, while the roots are considered emetic and are applied in cases of dropsy.

Chemical constituents:

The amino acid composition of the fruit is as follows: leucine 0.8; phenylalanine 0.9; valine 0.3; tyrosine 0.4; alanine 0.5; threonine 0.2; glutamic acid 0.3; serine 0.6; aspartic acid 1.9; cystine 0.6; cysteine 0.3; arginine 0.4, and proline 0.3mg/g. The fruit serves as a rich source of B Vitamins and a moderate source of ascorbic acid. Bitter varieties of this fruit yield 0.013% of solid foam containing Cucurbitacins B, D, G, and H, primarily cucurbitacin B, with these bitter compounds existing in the fruit as aglycones. Phytochemical analysis of the fruit identified two steroids: fucosterols and campesterol, along with alpha carotene, beta carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and polyphenols.^20,21,26

MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY:

1. Cultivation and collection:

· Cultivated form of L. siceraria

· Grown almost all the year round. Particularly in frost free areas. If required warm humid climate or plenty of watering, when grown dry weather.

· Seed may be sown in nursery or directly shown 4-5 seed together in mannured beds orpits 5-6 ft

· Generally, two crop raised in India Summer- middle of october to middle of March Later crop- beginning of March to the middle of July

2. Preparation process of bottle gourd churna:

· Bottle gourd

· Washed, peeled andcut

· Cut bottle gourd (Drying at 60°c for 3hr)

· Crushed, add sodium benzoate 0.05-0.1%

· Container are filled and exhausted at 82°c for 10 min, Stored⁹

Table no 1: Preliminary Physicochemical evaluation

Sr. No.	Test	Aekm bottle gourd	Nisarg bottle Gourd	Prepared product
1.	pH	6.5	6.3	6.6
2.	Colour	Cream brown	Cream brown	Light greenish
3.	Odour	Characteristics	Characteristics	Characteristics
4.	Taste	Sweet	Sweet	-
5.	Moisture content	0.050 g	0.114 g	0.070 g
6.	Flowability	Very, very poor (>38)	Very, very poor(>38)	Very, very poor (>38)
7.	Ash value	0.3 g	0.331 g	0.448 g
8.	Solubility -water	Freely soluble	Freely soluble	Freely soluble
9.	- Acid	Very Soluble	Very Soluble	Very Soluble
10.	- Alcohol	Sparingly soluble	Sparingly soluble	Sparingly soluble
	Sieving- % passing
11.	Sieve no. 18	97.733%	97.47%	96.824%
13.	Sieve no. 100	1.3606	1.404%	1.516%

Table no. 2: Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation

Sr. No.	Compounds	Test	Observation	Result
1.	Carbohydrates	Molisch’s Test:- To 2-3 ml of aqueous extract few drops of Alpha naphthol solution in alcohol was added, it was shaken and then conc. H2so4 was added from side of the test tube.	Violet ring was formed at the junction of two liquids.	Present
2.	Protein	Biuret test:- 3ml of test solution and 4%NaOH and 1%CuSO₄solution was added.	Violet or pink colour was formed.	Present
3.	Amino acid	Ninhydrin test:- 3 ml of test solution was heated and 3 drops of 5%Ninhydrin solution was added to it. It was boiled on water bath for 10 min.	Purple orbluishcolour was formed.	Present
4.	Steroids	Salkowski test:- To 2 ml extract, 2 ml of chloroforms And 2ml of conc. H₂SO₄was added to it. It was shaken properly.	Chloroform layer appeared redandacid layershowed greenish yellowfluorescence	Present
5.	Glycosides	Keller-kiliani test:- To 2ml extract, glacial acetic acid, 1 drop of 5% FeCl3 and conc. H2SO4 was added.	Reddish brown colour appeared at junction of the two liquids layer and upper layer appeared bluish green.	Present
6.	Flavonoids	Ferric chloride test:- Few drops of ferric chloride solution was added in plant aqueous extract.	Blackish red Colour was formed.	Present
7.	Alkaloids	Dragendroff’s test:- To 2-3 ml extract few drops of dragendroff’s reagent was added.	Orange brown precipitate was formed	Present
8.	Tannins and phenolic compounds	Ferric chloride test:- To 2- 3ml of extract, few drops 5%FeCl₃ solution was added.	Deep Blue Black colour was formed.	Present

Figure no: 9

OBSERVATION AND RESULT:

Phytochemicals Evaluation:

Molisch’s test: it formed Violet ring at junction of two liquid.

Biuret test: violet colour was appearedgiven test is positive. The given test is positive.

Figure no. 10 Figure no.11

Test for glycosides, Test for saponin, Test for phenolic compound

Keller-kiliani test:

At the junction of thePersistent foam was observed. Green colour was observedtwo liquid layer reddish brown color was appeared. The given test was positive. The given test was positive the given test was positive.

Figure no 12 Figure no 13

Figure no: 14

Table no. 3: Phytochemical evaluation

Sr. No.	Compounds	Results
Sr. No.	Compounds	Nisarg	Akem	Prepared
1	Carbohydrates	+	+	+
2	Protein	+	+	+
3	Amino acid	+	+	+
4	Steroids	+	+	+
5	Glycosides	+	+	+
6	Flavonoids	+	+	+
7	Alkaloids	+	+	+
8	Tannins and phenolic compounds	+	+	+

SUMMARY:

Numerous medicinal plants find application across diverse medical systems for the treatment and management of a wide range of diseases. Lagenaria siceraria is one such plant that has been utilized in various traditional medicinal practices to address human ailments. This plant contains a range of phytochemical constituents, including triterpenoids, cucurbitacins, flavones, vitamin B, C-glycosides, beta-glycosides, and serves as a moderate source of ascorbic acid in its fruits. It has been documented for its potential cardioprotective properties associated with its fruits, while its leaves exhibit antioxidant activity. The plant has undergone extensive research to explore its pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, cardioprotective, diuretic, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, lipid peroxidation, and anti-inflammatory activities. Currently, it is cultivated on a small scale in various regions of India.

The fruit of Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standley, commonly known as bottle gourd and widely used as a vegetable in India, is traditionally recognized in Ayurveda as having cardiotonic and general tonic properties. Considering the presence of free radical scavenging activity in L. siceraria and the role of free radicals in the development of various disorders, our current research aimed to assess the potential of the ethanolic extract from L. siceraria fruit in addressing conditions where free radicals are a major contributor to their pathogenesis. The study found that this extract effectively functions as a hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, immunomodulatory, antihyperlipidemic, and cardiotonic agent. These findings suggest that the radical scavenging capacity of L. siceraria fruit may underlie its various studied biological activities.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

The vegetable Lagenaria siceraria, commonly known as bottle gourd, is well-regarded for its health benefits. It is recognized for its antihyperlipidemic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-hyperglycemic properties, which are closely linked to its antioxidant capabilities and its ability to scavenge free radicals. These attributes make it a valuable therapeutic option. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds within the fruit have significant potential as antioxidants.

Table 1 presents the proximate composition and energy value of the fruit. The moisture content in aekm and nisarg bottle gourd churna is 0.05g and 0.114g, respectively, while the moisture content in the prepared bottle gourd churna is 0.07g. The ash content in aekm, nisarg, and the prepared bottle gourd churna is 0.3 g, 0.331g, and 0.448g, respectively.

In a comparative analysis, it was observed that the moisture content of the prepared bottle gourd churna falls between the moisture content of the aekm and nisarg bottle gourd churna. The standard ash value for bottle gourd churna typically ranges from 0.3 to 0.5, and the value for the prepared bottle gourd churna is 0.448g, indicating that it meets the specified criteria, thus passing the test.

The prepared bottle gourd churna exhibits good solubility in water, high solubility in acid, and limited solubility in alcohol. It has been sifted through sieve number 18, but it demonstrates poor flowability. Subsequently, a phytochemical assessment of bottle gourd churna was conducted using various tests, including Molisch's test, biuret test, Killer-Kiliani test, and ferric chloride test. The results, as shown in Table 2, indicate positive reactions for carbohydrates, protein, saponin, glycosides, and phenolic compounds.

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Received on 11.10.2023 Modified on 13.02.2024

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2024; 14(2):114-120.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2024.00019