An Updated Review on Vitamin C-

An Excellent Drug Having a Great Scavenging Property

 

Rahul Jodh*, Mukund Tawar, Gaurav Mude, Apurva Fasate, Renuka Sutane, Purvaja Patanray

Department of Pharmacology, P.R. Pote Patil College of Pharmacy, Amravati - 444602

*Corresponding Author E-mail: jodhrahul@gmail.com

 

ABSTRACT:

Ascorbic acid, also called Vitamin C, is an antioxidant molecule present in both animals as well as in plants. It acts as a redox buffer, reducing reactive oxygen species and neutralising them. It's a cofactor for enzymes that control photosynthesis, hormone manufacturing, and the regeneration of other cells. Antioxidants control cell division and growth, participate in signal transduction, and have a function in a variety of physiological processes, including immunological activation. Collagen manufacture, hormones, neurotransmitters, and iron absorption are all important. Vit C deficiency leads to scurvy and its low concentration raises susceptibility to infections, loosening of teeth, dry mouth, as well as eyes, loss of hair, itching of skin, and so on. Insomnia and weariness Vitamin C, on the other hand, can serve as a pro-oxidant, especially in the skin. The transition metals, such as copper, iron, etc., trigger a variety of dangerous radical reactions. Vit C is a powerful, effective, low-cost antioxidant and is used as a radical booster at the same time. Additional research is required to explain the dual role of vitamin C.

 

KEYWORDS: Vit C, Anti-oxidant, Pro-oxidant and Immunity.

 

 


INTRODUCTION:

While vegetables and fruits are more in antioxidant vitamins and can be part of a stable diet, there is no conclusive evidence that plant-food consumption imparts health advantages only because of antioxidant vitamins. Antioxidant nutritional additions have not been proved to benefit well-being or stop illness in people. Supplements of beta-carotene, thiamine, and tocopherol, according to few researches, have unaffected on death or cancer risk. After, taking selenium or tocopherol supplements does not decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease. Vit C (l-ascorbic acid) which is necessary for different process is water soluble.

 

It is an important enzyme that is required for optimal progress and development. Antioxidants are nothing but entities that can stop oxidation, a reaction that produces free radicals by chain reactions that can affect organisms' cells in a harmful manner.

 

Antioxidants like thiol and vitamin C can prevent such reactions. Mammals and plants balance intricate systems of overlying antioxidants, such as glutathione, to regulate oxidative stress. Thiamine, ascorbic acid, and tocopherol are the only nutritious antioxidants. Industrial compounds used during manufacture to stop oxidation in synthetic rubber, fuels, and plastics, such as stabilisers in cosmetics and food, are classified as antioxidants.1

 

Some processes like collagen peptide amination, dopamine to norepinephrine conversion, post-translational hydroxylation, and tyrosine metabolism It's also an antioxidant that aids in infection defence and iron absorption. Some animals have lost their competence to absorb l-ascorbate2. As a result, they are reliant on their food to maintain good vitamin levels. Vitamin C is necessary for metabolism and oxidative defence. The high levels of l-ascorbate present in plants They should be the principal source of vitamin C for people. Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant. Vitamin C is a powerful reducing agent and free radical scavenger in biological systems, scavenging oxidising free radicals and damaging oxygen-derived species like hydroxyl radicals. hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical, as well as singlet oxygen. Vitamin C has several applications. Although several theories have been postulated, such as its antiscorbutic activity, few have been shown to be useful in humans. Scientific research into stomach cancer and other malignancies, as well as asthma, is very important. Diabetes, cataracts, and heart disease are all unproven. Vitamin C has functions in plants: proliferation, programmed cell death, pathogen responses, hormone responses, and so on during blooming and senescence, as well as environmental stress resistance. Vitamin C also plays a vital part in abiotic stress tolerance, and it has sparked a lot of attention because of its capacity to protect plants under stress. It has been demonstrated that vitamin C boosts plant resilience to heavy metals. Anxiety Exogenously administered ascorbic acid has an effect on heavy metal stress. Plants do not have photosynthetic pigments, membrane permeability, or mineral uptake.3

 

Figure 1: L-Ascorbic Acid

 

IUPAC NAME:

(5R)-[(1-5)-1,2-Dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyfiran-2(5H)-one

Chemical Formula: C6H6O6

Molar Mass:176.124gmol-1

 

Role of Vitamin C in human body:

1.     The oxidoreduction capabilities of l-amino acid in the manufacture of collagen, the hydroxylation cofactor and activity, and mono-oxygenise show its activity, neurotransmitter, and carnitine are major metabolic actions of amino acid. Amino acids increase the hydroxylation activities by keeping metal ions' active centres minimised, allowing hydroxylase and oxygenase enzymes to work at their best.

2.     Aside from the obvious role of vitamin C in scurvy prevention, the most well-known health benefit of amino acids is their ability to prevent and treat colds. C regimen was first proposed by Pauling, claiming that consuming 1–5g of amino acid competently stops common colds.

3.     Wound healing also necessitates the creation and build-up of collagen; in wounded tissue, new tensile strength is provided by subsequent cross-linking of the fibre. A previous study found that vitamin C supplementation increased the ductile strength of tissue scars in guinea pigs.4-5

4.     Amino acid has been shown to improve iron absorption and availability from non-heme iron sources. Its supplementation has been shown to aid iron absorption through the diet. The lowering of iron by AA is thought to promote non-heme iron absorption through the diet. Vit C contains fruits, such as gooseberries, that are shown to improve iron availability from grains and pulses.6

5.     On the basis of empirical evidence, vitamin C has been used to treat male infertility, mainly in the context of not-specifically influential contaminations.7 In the seminal plasma of healthy people, a high concentration is found. fluctuates from 2 to 13 mg/dL. The precise effect of vitamin C on male reproduction has yet to be determined.8

6.     Several studies have been published on the involvement of vitamin C in atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism, with varying results. The importance of vitamin C deficiency in the aetiology of atherosclerosis and dyslipidaemia was first recognised in 1947 by Myasnikova's clinical research. The delivery of AA to hypercholesterolemic individuals reduced cholesterol levels in the trial.9

7.     In 1949, it was postulated that vitamin C may play a role in the prevention of cancer. enhanced the existence of fatal cancer patients. However, Pauling and Cameron conducted the first recorded research of vitC administration to cancer patients in the 1970s.10 They provided 100 terminally sick cancer patients with 10g of vitamin C every day and related their consequences to 1,000 cancer patients who received standard treatment. It was discovered that 10.3% of cancer patients who received vitamin C survived. Without vitamin C, all cancer patients died.11

8.     Diabetes is becoming a pandemic, with 366 million people (4.4 percent of the global population) predicted to have the disease by 2030. Uncontrolled hyperglycaemia is allied to lasting injury, malfunction, and damage of several diabetes patients' organs, including the kidneys, eyes, heart, nerves, and arteries of blood.12 ROS is the primary cause of oxidative stress in hyperglycaemia. It shows compelling clinical and experimental ROS (reactive oxygen species) increases in all forms of diabetes and that oxidative stress is linked tothe genesis of diabetes. Vit C has been linked to a lower danger of acquiring diabetes type 2(DM).13

9.     Some mechanisms of the humanoid system of immunity are affected by vitamin C. Enlarged increased particulate ingestion, inhibition of the halide-peroxide-myeloperoxidase system without a pronounced bactericidal effect, chemotaxis, protection against the toxic effects of superoxide anion radical, and stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt enhanced lysozyme-mediated non-oxidative killing, are all functions that vitamin C seems to show in neutrophils.

10. Redox cycling occurs in metals such as copper, chromium, and iron. Vanadium, whereas nickel, lead, cadmium, and iron reduce glutathione and protein-bound sulphonyl groups, resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. As a result, there is an increase in DNA damage, lipid peroxide, and changes in sulfhydryl homoeostasis and calcium.14 Schizophrenia is one of the most common neurological illnesses, with significant morbidity and economic cost. Because it is a complex illness, it has a terrible prognosis despite the best current therapy. It's worth noting that basic water-solvable vitamin C, which is rich in vegetables and fruits, drew psychiatrists' care in schizophrenia around seven years ago.15 At the training of schizophrenics 12, researchers discovered that their urine elimination of vitC was much lower than that of healthy controls, and that I.V. injection of a large amount of vitC improved their psychological status by 78%16.

 

Dosing:

Vitamin C is an essential vitamin. Vitamin C is abundant in vegetables and fresh fruits, mainly citrus fruits. The suggested nutritional allowance is the amount that should be consumed on a day-to-day basis (RDA). For adult men, the RDA is 95mg per day17. The RDA of a female is above 75 and below 19. The RDA for people 20–50 years old is 130 mg per day when pregnant or nursing. RDA for children varies according to age; liquid, lotion, serum, sprays, combination products, liquids, and patches all contain vitamin C. This supplement has been used safely by adults.18

 

Mechanism of Action:

Vitamin C as an anti-oxidant: The richest anti-oxidant in the skin of humans is vitamin C, which is a portion of a complex group of non-enzymatic and enzymatic anti-oxidants that work together to guard the covering against ROS (reactive oxygen species). Because vitamin C is soluble in water, it works at the cell's watery sections. At the time when skin is exposed to UV radiation, ROS such as peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen are produced. The antioxidant vitamin C protects the skin from oxidative stress. Vitamin C in its oxidised state is comparatively not reactive.19 UV radiation, ROS, and skin-covering injury-vit C and protection from light: ROS is formed after the covering is visible to radiation (U.V). That radical has the skill to start chain reactions that damage cells. Anti-oxidants are essential to neutralise the ROS formed by radiation from the UV. It's worth noting that vitamin C is similarly efficient in contradiction of UVA (400-500nm) and UVB (290-320) rays. Minor dosages of UVA enter the dermis 30-40 times deeper than UVB, which means it effects the skin layer.20-21 Vitamin C and collagen synthesis: Collagen production requires vitamin C. In addition to inducing alterations in the molecule of collagen, vitamin C is thought to impact quantitative collagen production. Vitamin C is an enzyme cofactor of lysyl and propyl hydroxylase. It stabilises and cross-links molecules of collagen. Additional method: Vit C promotes stimulating peroxidation, which starts the collagen synthesis, which results in the production of malondialdehyde, hence collagen gene expression is derived.22 When picking an agent of depigmentation, it's vital to distinguish between compounds that are harmful to the melanocyte and those that stop melanogenesis in its tracks. Vitamin C belongs to the second group of depigmenting agents.23 The VitC tyrosine active site interacts with the copper ions, inhibiting the enzyme's function and lowering melanin production. Perifollicular pigment is also affected by vitamin C. Vitamin C, on the other hand, is a volatile substance. Other depigmenting substances, such as liquorice.24

 

Pharmacokinetic of vitamin C:

Oral Route of Administration: The most common way to consume vitamin C is through diet or supplementation. Vitamin C is abundant in the environment, and vegetables and fruits, in particular, cover significant levels of ascorbic acid.25 People can acquire enough vitamin C through their diet if it contains a lot of vitamin C-rich foods. However, food consumption may be insufficient to provide appropriate quantities of vitamin C in many conditions and in people with very low vitamin C levels, such as smokers.26

 

Absorption:

In membrane transport simple mode is simple diffusion for most low molecular weight medicines. At neutral pH, however, vitamin C very water-soluble form is anionic form. As a result, at concentration gradient also. The amount of unionised ascorbic acid increases to 15% and 99.99% in the small intestine (pH 1) and stomach (pH 5), respectively, and under these local circumstances, passive diffusion might perhaps play a more substantial role in Vitamin C absorption . In vivo, vitamin C occurs largely as ascorbic (reduced form) and oxidised form) DHA, with the former being significantly more prevalent. The overall available is dependent on an electrochemical gradient, much like passive diffusion 27,28. Several glucose transporters have been demonstrated to compete with DHA for transport. While only tiny levels are found in healthy people's blood, intestine concentrations are expected to be substantially greater, owing to the lack of intracellular recycling and the comparatively larger quantity of meals. This might explain why ASC and DHA have been shown to have similar bioavailability as vitamin C sources.27-29 Passive diffusion, active transport, and assisted diffusion are three possible mechanisms of membrane transport for vitamin C30. Finally, Vitamin C absorption is influenced by concentration gradient-independent active transport. The bioavailability of ASC has been found to be substantially dose-dependent since the 1970s. 31

 

Figure 2: Vitamin C is absorbed predominantly by membrane transporters.[32]

 

Vitamin C Distribution:

Vitamin C distribution is highly segmented. In vitamin transport, simple diffusion unlikely plays an important role in transport through skin, at least in terms of its dissemination beyond the bloodstream. According to a separation-determined equilibrium, the ASC plasma steady state would be 2.6-fold greater than tissue absorptions. In realism, intracellular absorptions of Ascorbic range from 0.5 to 10 mM, compared to 50–80 mM in healthy people's plasma, indicating a clear importance for tissue. Although glucose transporters capable of promoting DHA diffusion are extensively distributed throughout the body, the small quantity of oxidised vitamin C present in healthy people's plasma rules GLUT-mediated transport as a key factor.33

 

Figure 3: Distribution of vitamin C34

 

Figure 4: Excretion of Vitamin C


 

Excretion and reuptake:

Ascorbic acid would be expected to be effectively eliminated by the kidneys because it is very low molecular weight hydrophilic. The pH falls to around five here, resulting in a higher percentage of unionised ascorbic acid than ascorbic. The rise vitamin C concentration from 0.01% in plasma to around 15% in pre-urine, a 1500:1 concentration gradient, would result in significant passive reabsorption for most molecules, but not for ascorbic acid, likely due to its low lipid solubility. Instead, saturable active transport via SVCT1 regulates ascorbic reuptake in the proximal renal tubules.35

 

Vitamin C is effectively filtered in the renal tubule lumen of the kidney. In ascorbic acid deficiency, in the apical membrane SVCT1 transport is predominantly responsible for resorption, but total uptake diffusion from the luminal surface also contributes. Ascorbic is probably released into the bloodstream by diffusion, as it is in the intestinal epithelium, although the amount and processes of this remain unknown. The basolateral membrane contains GLUT2 transporters, which allow DHA to be transported to the plasma. VitC is quantitatively excreted in saturated circumstances.36

 

INTERACTION:

1.     Aluminium and Vitamin C interact Most antacids contain aluminium. Vitamin C can enhance the amount of aluminium absorbed by the body. However, it is unclear if this connection is significant. Vitamin C should be taken four hours after and two hours before using antacids.

2.     Estrogen interacts with Vitamin C: Vitamin C may slow down the body's elimination of estrogens. Taking vitamin C alongside estrogens may enhance estrogen's effects and negative effects.

3.     Fluphenazine interacts with Vitamin C: More vitamin C may reduce the amount of fluphenazine in the body. Fluphenazine’s efficacy may be reduced if vitamin C is taken with the medication.

4.     Medication for cancer interacts with vitamin C: An antioxidant is vitamin C. Antioxidants have been linked to a reduction in the effectiveness of several cancer medicines. Before taking vitamin C, see your healthcare professional if you are taking cancer drugs.

5.     Niacin and Vitamin C interact: When combined with vitamin C and other antioxidants, niacin's impact on good cholesterol levels can be reduced. It's unclear if vitamin C reduces the impact of niacin on good cholesterol levels on its own.

6.     Does Warfarin interact with Vitamin C: Warfarin is a blood-thinning medication. Vitamin C in large doses may reduce the effects of warfarin. The risk of clotting may be increased if the effects of warfarin are reduced.

7.     Indinavir interacts with Vitamin C: When taking indinavir with a lot of vitamin C, the quantity of indinavir that remains in the body may be reduced. It's unclear whether this interaction is significant.

8.     Aspirin interacts with Vitamin C: When taking indinavir with a lot of vitamin C, the quantity of indinavir that remains in the body may be reduced. It's unclear whether this interaction is significant.

9.     salicylate of choline and magnesium: Choline magnesium trisilicate may slow the body's elimination of choline. It's unclear whether this interaction is significant.37

 

CONCLUSION:

Vitamin C has been studied as an antioxidant in a variety of studies, and it can act as a prooxidant, causing a variety of harmful radical reactions. Because in vivo research verified findings in experiments that were not defined by analysis in experiments performed outside the body, more study is badly needed in vivo tests. As a result, ascorbic acid can be used as a supplement. A potent, effective, and affordable antioxidant that can also serve as a stimulant. In biological systems, radical promoters can generate dangerous species. investigation is essential to thoroughly sanitise the literature's facts.

 

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Received on 01.07.2022         Modified on 31.08.2022

Accepted on 11.10.2022   ©Asian Pharma Press All Right Reserved

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2023; 13(1):25-30.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2023.00004