INTRODUCTION:

Skin infections cause by fungi is the most common and requires significant attention for treatment, and also to maintain a healthy skin thereafter. Most commercial soap available today in the market is incorporated with chemical agents having antimicrobial activity with potential depilatory properties on skin pathogens. The problem now is most people do not know the long term consequence of using the commercial soaps. The drawbacks of commercial soap, led people now to be more inclined toward the use of herbal formulations.

These problems of commercial soap have been reported to be successfully handled daily by using only what ‘mother nature’ has to offer to help you nourish your skin. Herbs are the natural products mostly found in the treatment of almost all diseases and skin problems owing to their high medicinal value, cost-effectiveness, availability and compatibility. Hence it can be used in soap base.Betel leaf possess strong aromatic flavor and have been long in use for the preparation of traditional Indian ayurvedic herbal in review.Many of researcher have proved antifungal activity of betel leaf extract.For the same purpose present study has being conducted to develop antifungal soap of crushed leaves extract,similarly from literature it was concluded that garlic oil also posses antifungal activity.one of the chemical constituent ajoene of garlic is responsible for antifungal activity.Ajoene has been shown to be effective against a variety of bacterial and fungal strains, including Candida glabrata, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Staphylococcus aureus, although the specific mechanism for destroying fungi^1,3.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Materials:

The plant materials Piper betle Linn. (Piperaceae) and garlic was obtained from region of Kolhapur local market. Keto medicated soap (to be used as positive control), Palm oil, Coconut oil, NaOH pellets, Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS), Stearic acid and deionized water were purchased from a chemical store.

Extraction method of Betel leaf (piper betle l.):

Fig No 1 Fine powder of betel leaf

1. The leaves of Betel leaf (Piper betle L.) were cleaned of extraneous matter and air-dried at room temperature for a week.

2. Dried leaves were grinded to obtain fine powder

3. Obtained fine powder was dissolve in 250ml of hexane and extracted using soxhlet extractor

4. The extract was filtered with Whatman filter paper no. 1, and the filtrate was evaporated at 55°C.

5. The extract obtained was used as antifungal agent to make soap.²

Herbal soap formulations of piper betle linn. And garlic oil:

1. Soap base was melted with the help of double distillation method.

2. Extract was added into the melted base solution and stirred to preapare uniform mixture, after that garlic oil was added and stirred to form again uniform mass

3. Finally perfume was added and solution was poured into moulds.

4. After cooling on solidification soap were un molded.

Table No 1: Formulation of antifungal soap

Sr. No.	Ingredients	A	B	C	Role
1	Soap base	80gm	80gm	80gm	Cleansing agent
2	Beteleaf extract	15gm	12.5gm	05gm	Antifungal agent
3	Garlic oil	05gm	12.5gm	15gm	Antifungal agent
4	Perfume	q.s	q.s	q.s	Fragnance

Fig No 2: Formulation of soap

Determination of pH value:

pH of the soap was determined by touching the pH strip to the freshly prepared soap and also by dissolving one gram in ten milliliters of solution when using pH meter.

Determination of alcohol insoluble matter:

5 gm of soap was taken in a conical flask and 50 ml of ethanol added and shaken vigorously to dissolve. The solution was filtered through a filter paper with 20 ml warm ethanol and dried at 105℃ for 1 hour. The weight of dried paper was taken.⁴

Determination of color:

Determination was done by visual inspection against a white background.

Determination of foam height:

5g of soap was weighed into a 100ml glass beaker. 10ml of distilled water was added to it, marsh and allowed to stand for 30 minutes (this allows the soap to disperse in the water). The contents of the beaker were stirred and the slurry was transferred to a 250ml graduated measuring cylinder. The residue in the beaker was rinsed and transferred with further 5-6ml portion of water to the cylinder. The contents of the cylinder were stirred to ensure a uniform suspension. The cylinder was stopper and subjected to 12 complete shakes. The cylinder was allowed to stand for 5 minutes and the volume of foam calculated as: Foaming ability = L1-L2 L1 = volume in ml of foam with water.⁵

Determination of free caustic alkali A modified method was used. Five grams of finished soap was weighed and dissolved in 30ml of ethanol. Few drops of phenolphthalein indicator and 10 ml of 20 % BaCl2 were added. The resulting solution was titrated against 0.05 M H2SO4.

Microbial study:

Microbial study has been done using microorganism such as Proteus vulgaris, bacillus, klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, for measuring the effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent against fungi/bacteria grown in culture, the microorganism of the interest was swabbed uniformly across a culture plate. Then soap of 5X5 mm was placed on the surface of the agar. Then the plates were placed in the incubator for 24 hrs at 30⁰c.keto soap disc antifungal soap) was used as a positive control.⁶

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

Phytochemichal estimation of extracts:

1. It was found that phenol, flavanoids and saponins were present in betel leaf extract.

2. garlic oil: oil globules obtained black under microscope and was insoluble in water.

Evaluation of physicochemical properties of herbal soap:

Table no 2: Evaluation of physicochemical properties of herbal soap

TEST	BATCHES			Marketed
TEST	A	B	C	Marketed
Ph	7	6.6	6.5	6.7
Alcohol insoluble matter	13	12	15	13
Color	green	green	green
Foam height cm	22	25	24	22
Free caustic alkali %	0.065	0.084	0.075	0.072

The Stability of foam of the herbal soap formulations in distilled water was in closer range to those of SON. However were slightly lower than that of the control soap, which lasted 21.0 min in distilled water. The pH values of the herbal soap solutions were close to those of the soap base D suggesting that incorporation of the extracts did not alter the physicochemical properties of the soap base considerably. KETO aqueous solutions demonstrated a higher pH value than the herbal soaps but the values were not significantly different and remained constant

Microbial study:

Table no 3: Microbial study

Sr. No.	Microorganism	Diameter of zone of inhibition
Sr. No.	Microorganism	B	Marketed
1.	Proteus Vulgaris	1.8cm	1.7cm
2.	Proteus Vulgaris	3cm	1.6cm
3.	Bacillus	1.5cm	1.2cm
4.	Bacillus	1.5cm	0.8cm
5.	pseudomonas aeruginosa	1.3cm	1cm
6.	pseudomonas aeruginosa	1.1cm	0.9cm
7.	Staphylococcus aureus	3cm	1.7cm
8.	klebsiella pneumoniae	1.1cm	1cm

CONCLUSION:

The study result indicates that Betel leaf (Piper betle L.) extract and garil oil exhibit potential antifungal activity. Further it can be potential explored as herbal soap in other fungal infection in women’s with fewer side effects.

REFERENCES:

1. Yoshida, S.; Kasuga, S.; Hayashi, N.; Ushiroguchi, T.; Matsuura, H.; Nakagawa, Antifungal activity of ajoene derived from garlic. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.1987,53, 615–617.

2. Rutuja R. Shah, Rohan R. Vakhariya. Formulation and Evaluation of Antifungal Soap of Garlic Oil. Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2020; 10(1):13-16.

3. Sarika Pawar, Vidya Kalyankar, Bela Dhamangaonkar, Sharada Dagade, Shobha Waghmode and Abhishek Cukkemane, Biochemical profiling of antifungal activity of betel leaf (Piper betle L.) extract and its significance in traditional medicine, Adv Res Biotech 2(1): 4.

4. A Touré1, C Bahi1, I Bagré1, JD N’Guessan1, AJ Djaman and A Coulibaly1. In vitro Antifungal Activity of the Soap Formulation of the Hexane Leaf Extract of Morinda morindoides (Morinda; Rubiaceae) Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research June 2010; 9 (3): 237-241

5. Namo Jeremiah Akuaden, I. Y. Chindo, Joel Ogboji, Formulation, Physicochemical and Antifungi Evaluation of Herbal Soaps of AzadiractaIndica and ZiziphusMauritiana, IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (12) 8 August. 2019, 26-34.

6. Shao, P.L.; Huang, L.M.; Hsueh, P.R. Recent advances and challenges in the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2007

Received on 09.06.2020 Revised on 03.07.2020

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2020; 10(4):260-262.

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5691.2020.00045.3