Cancer- A Silent Killer: An Overview

Akshay R. Yadav*, Shrinivas K. Mohite

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy,

Kasegaon, Sangli, Maharashtra, India-415404.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: akshayyadav24197@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Cancer can be characterized as a disease where an uncontrollably growing group of abnormal cells disregarding the normal mechanism of cell division. The healthy cells that are continuously subject to stimuli that determine whether the cell will reproduce, differentiate or die. Cancer cells experience a degree of autonomy from these signals, resulting in uncontrolled growth and proliferation and metastasis. There are over 200 different cancer forms. The sequence, predicting a dominant autosomal gene that resulted in an increased risk of developing breast cancer, was published the same year as the cloned BRCA1 gene. Different model has used cancer and steroid hormone evidence to determine the risk of breast cancer in women with family history of cancer of the breast. There are over sixty different organs in the body that can develop cancer from nearly any cell type in the body. As a result, more than 150 ongoing clinical trials are being conducted that investigate the efficacy of nanotechnological drug carrires which target cancer have developed quickly into the nanotechnology field.

KEYWORDS: Cancer, metastasis, breast cancer, nanotechnology, drug carrires.

INTRODUCTION:

Cancer is usually accepted by a build-up of several molecular genetic defects that leads to unchecked growth in a cell phenotype¹. Current proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor genes have stimulated the growth of strategies in gene therapy to ablate or restore genes in malignancy². Breast cancer is the world's leading cause of cancer death and the most common cancer among women. There is significant variation in survival rates worldwide for breast cancer, where 80% are estimated to be below 40% for low-income countries in the high income countries for 5 years³. The factors for Cancer of the breast involves obesity, absence of exercise, alcoholism, hormone replacement therapy throughout menopause, radiation, early age initially menstrum, approximately 5-10% of instances area unit because of genes transmitted from a human oldster, as well as Among other things, BRCA1 and BRCA2.

From Milk duct lining and the lobules supplying the ducts milk, breast cancer most frequently grows in cells. Before the period mostly women observed that there breast become lumpy and tender⁴. Breast cancer mostly observed in above 40 age women. In the breast cancer there are sub type of cancer are present. Hence the treatment of breast cancer is depend on the identification breast cancer. Breast cancer is the world's leading cause of cancer death and the most common cancer among women. In the family of diseases cancer is known as large family. The development of the cancer cell is abnormal with possible of overrun or spread to another section of the body. Neoplasm is formed as subset by them⁵. Cancer cell are formed when normal cell lose the normal regulatory mechanism Controlling development and multiplication. If the cancer is present, it is said that it is benign. And if the cancer cell invade another section of the body and set up secondary tumor’s known as metastasis⁶.

All tumour cells demonstrate the cancer's six hallmarks. To provide a malignant neoplasm, these features are necessary. They include⁷:

1. The correct signals are missing from cell development and division continuous development and division even if the opposite is true

2. Signals

3. Avoiding programmed death of cells

4. Unlimited number of splits in cells

5. Promoting the building of blood vessels

6. Tissue invasion and metastasis formations⁸

General types of cancer:

The list is extended below to include more common types of cancers identified in each general category; it is not all-inclusive and the cancers mentioned in quotes are some cancers general names:

1. Carcinoma:

Cancer which starts in the skin or tissues which line or cover internal organs - "hair, lung, colon, pancreatic, ovarian cancer," carcinomas of the epithelial, squamous and basal cells, melanomas, papillomas and adenomas⁹.

2. Sarcoma:

Cancer that starts in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other tissue -"bone, soft tissue cancer," osteosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, liposarcoma, angiosarcoma, rhabdosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma.

3. Leukemia:

cancer that begins in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, causing massive numbers of abnormal blood cells to form and enter the blood - "leukemia," lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL and CLL), myelogenous leukemia (AML and CML), T-cell leukemia, and hairy cell leukemia.

4. Lymphoma and myeloma:

Cancers that originate in the immune system cells — "lymphoma," T-cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and lymphoproliferative lymphoma¹⁰.

Symptoms:

Cancer-caused signs and symptoms can vary depending on which part of the body is affected. Some common, but not specific, cancer-related signs and symptoms include¹¹:

1. Persistent cough or trouble breathing

2. Difficulty swallowing

3. Persistent indigestion or discomfort after eatingPersistent, unexplained muscle or joint pain

4. Persistent, unexplained fevers or night sweats

5. Unexplained bleeding or bruising

6. Fatigue

7. Lump or area of thickening that can be felt under the skin

8. Weight changes, including unintended loss or gain

Etiology:

Cancer is caused by changes in the cell's DNA (mutations). A large number of individual genes bundle the DNA inside a cell, each of which includes a set of instructions telling the cell what functions to perform and how to expand and divide. Cancer is caused by changes in the cell's DNA (mutations)¹².

1. Carcinogenic are physical irritants such as certain foods that cause continuous abrasion of the intestinal tract linings.

2. Ionizing radiation such as X-rays, gamma-rays and particulate radiation from radioactive substances are known to break DNA strands and trigger cancer-causing mutations, e.g. prolonged exposure to sunlight can promote skin cancer production in farmers.

3. Biological agents like viruses are causing cancer of Cervix. A virus tumor, for example. Oncoviruses are referred to as Epstein Bar, Type 2 Herpes Simplex, etc¹³.

Grade of cancer cells under the microscope:

A breast cancer sample tissue can be examined. Cancer may be graded by observing certain cell characteristics:

Grade 1. Cancer cells are less aggressive and slow-growing.

Grade 2. Its middle grade.

Grade 3. Cancer cell's Rapid growth and aggressiveness¹⁴.

Presence of receptor:

Some cancer cells in the breast have certain receptors that enable certain kinds of proteins or hormones to be attached to the cancer cell. The receptor kinds tested are: Hormone tests may indicate If they contain Sample of cancer cells in the breast with Receptors of estrogens. Estrogen is the hormone of a woman. Overall, the beneficial receptor of estrogens is about seven in ten breast cancers. Treatment in these cancers may block the estrogens. Some cells of breast cancer have protein receptors known as HER2. Overall, HER2-positive is about 2 in 10 breast cancers. Cancers with elevated receptor concentrations they’re called HER2positive¹⁵.

Risk factors and risk prediction:

An increased chances of developing breast cancer in women was associated with age, reproductive factors, the history of breast disease, personal or family background, genetic pre-disposition and environmental factors. The risk of developing atypical breast breasts proliferative atypia including normal ductal hyperplasia, intraductal papilloma, sclerosedadenosis and fibroadenomas is only about 1.5-2 times that of the general public¹⁶.

Prediction models:

Prediction models are used to enhance the stratification of cancer risk based on known and quantifiable risk factors for a patient.

1. Gail model:

The model used for initial aging, menarche, age first-live birth date, number of previous biopsies, number of first-grade breast cancer related patients, updated to include history of atypical ductal hyperplasia, lobular in situ carcinoma and estimates of a recurrent breast cancer risk for women for five years and life.

2. Models that emphasize family history:

The sequence, predicting a dominant autosomal gene that resulted in an increased risk of developing breast cancer, was published the same year as the cloned BRCA1 gene. This model has used cancer and steroid hormone evidence to determine the risk of breast cancer in women with family history of cancer of the breast.

Diagnosis:

The medical history was intended to assess the risk of cancer and to determine the presence or absence of breast-indicative symptoms. It should include menarche age, menopause status, childbirth, and the use of oral contraceptives or hormone replacements after menopausal. A careful visual inspection with the patient sitting upright should be included in the examination. It is important to note changes in the nipple, asymmetry, and apparent masses¹⁷.

Treatment:

Following approaches for the management of breast cancer. They are as follows;

1. Radiation Therapy:

The use of high-energy x-rays or gamma-rays to destroy a cancer or to post surgery tumor site is included in radiation therapy. Such radiations are highly effective in killing cancer cells that can linger or recur when the tumor is removed after the surgery.

2. Surgery:

Typically, surgery involves removing the tumor along with tissue from some neighbors. One or more lymph nodes may be biopsied during the operation; A lymph node sentinel biopsy is increasingly performing the sampling of the lymph node. Standard surgeries include:

Mastectomy: All breast removed.

Quadrantectomy: one quarter breast removal.

Lumpectomy:

It removes a tiny part of the breast after removal of the tumor, surgery for breast reconstruction, a type of plastic surgery, can then be done to enhance the treatment site's aesthetic appearance. Alternatively, females use prostheses for breast simulation or grab a flat chest under the clothing product.

3. Chemotherapy:

In that chemotherapy their is use of drugs for destroyed cancer cell, chemical drugs are to inhibit the ability growth of cancer cell. Chemotherapy can be given before surgery to shrink a large tumor and make surgery easier, called neoadjuvant or preoperative chemotherapy. It may also be given after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence, called adjuvant chemotherapy. A chemotherapy regimen (schedule) consists of a specific treatment schedule of drugs given at repeating intervals for a different period of time. Therapies that target the HER2 receptor may be given with chemotherapy for HER2- positive breast cancer one example is the antibody trastuzumab. Combination regimens for HER2- positive breast cancer may include:

ACTH (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, trastuzumab)

TCH (docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab)

THP (paclitaxel or docetaxel, trastuzumab, pertuzumab)

TCHP (docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab, pertuzumab)

4. Nanotechnology in breast cancer:

As a result, more than 150 ongoing clinical trials are being conducted that investigate the efficacy of nanotechnological drug carrires which target cancer have developed quickly into the nanotechnology field. Many liposomal doxorubicin formulations were developed to boost the traditional doxorubicin chemotherapy therapeutic index while preserving the function of its anti tumor. As a result, more than 150 ongoing clinical trials are being conducted that investigate the efficacy of nanotechnological drug carrires which target cancer have developed quickly into the nanotechnology field¹⁸.

Recent approaches in management of breast cancer:

1. Gene therapy:

Cancer is usually accepted by a build-up of several molecular genetic defects that leads to unchecked growth in a cell phenotype. Current proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor genes have stimulated the growth of strategies in gene therapy to ablate or restore genes in malignancy.

2. Chemoprotection Approach:

In this regard a lot of attention has been paid to the MDR-1 gene encoding multidrug therapy carrier protein (also known as P-glycoprotein).

3. Monoclonal antibodies in human cancer:

Humanized human monoclonal anticorps (MABs) are all used for human cancer treatment. A system may activate antibodies (cell-dependent antibody cytotoxicity, CDC complementary cytotoxicity, tumour immunity). Antibodies may activate the immune system¹⁹.

CONCLUSION:

Cancer is a disease in which uncharacteristic cells grow and proliferate in an uncontrolled manner. There are over 200 different cancer forms. There are over 60 different organs in the body that can develop cancer from nearly any cell type in the body. About 13 percent of all death worldwide is due to cancer, surpassing cardiovascular disease and taking number one place. Breast cancer is the world's leading cause of cancer death and the most common cancer among women. There is significant variation in survival rates worldwide for breast cancer, where 80% are estimated to be below 40% for low-income countries in the high income countries for 5 years. Breast cancer is the world's leading cause of cancer death and the most common cancer among women. Cancer is a major prevalence is on rise. It is considered to be one of the leading causes of mortality due to diseases and the projected death toll due to cancer alone would touch approximately 10 million by the end year 2020. There are different approaches for the management of breast cancer like radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy and nanotechnology in breast cancer. Recent approaches in management of breast cancer including monoclonal HER2 antibody improved the 5-year disease-free survival of stage 1–3 HER2-positive breast cancers to about 87% Between 25% and 30% of cancers of the breast compared to protein product. and over HER2 expression in cancer of the breast are linked with enhanced recurrence of illness and worse prognosis and the efficacy of nanotechnological drug carrires which target cancer have developed quickly into the nanotechnology field.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I express my sincere thanks to Vice-principal Prof. Dr. S. K. Mohite for providing me all necessary facilities and valuable guidance extended to me.

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Received on 02.03.2020 Modified on 11.04.2020

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2020; 10(3):213-216.

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5691.2020.00036.2