Evaluation of Disintegration Efficacy of Starch Citrate in Tablet Formulations

 

Subhashis Debnath1*, V. G. Gayathri2, D. Swetha2, M. Niranjan Babu2

1Royal School of Pharmacy, The Assam Royal Global University, Guwahati, Assam, India.

2Department of Pharmaceutics, Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, Venkatramapuram, Tirupati,

Andhra Pradesh, India.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: sdebnath@rgu.ac

 

ABSTRACT:

Starch citrate was prepared by reacting potato starch with citric acid at elevated temperatures which exhibited good flow property and it had good swelling property without pasting when heated in water considered to be a promising excipient. Tablets of paracetamol were prepared by wet granulation method employing starch citrate at different % (4 - 10) strength as disintegrant in the tablets. For comparision tablets were also prepared by using sodium starch glycolate, starch and starch citrate (50 50) at same varying concentrations (4%, 6%, 8%,10%). Results of FTIR were revealed that there were no interaction between drug, starch citrate and other excipients. Pre-compression parameters like angle of repose, compressibility index (%), bulk and tapped densities, hausner's ratio were carried out to determine the flow property. All tablets were of good quality with regard to post compression parameters like weight variation, hardness, friability, and drug content. The f7 and f8 (8% and 10 % starch citrate) formulations were disintegrated with in 40 and 34 seconds where as f15 and f16 (8% and 10 % scg) formulation were disintegrated with in 53 and 39 seconds respectively. The starch citrate exhibit similar disintegration properties like sodium starch glycolate tablets at 8 and 10 % concentrations. Hence starch citrate can be considered as a promising super disintegrant agent in tablet formulations and it can be concluded as a economical and better choice for commercial use.

 

KEYWORDS: Disintegrant, starch citrate, hausner's ratio, formulations.

 

 


INTRODUCTION:

Disintegrates are substances or mixture of substances added to the drug formulations, which facilitate dispersion or breakup of tablets and contents of capsules into smaller particles for quick dissolution when it comes in contact with water in the GIT. They may function by drawing water into the tablet, swelling and causing the tablet to burst apart. Disintegrant is critical ingredient in tablets.  Though several disintegrants such as native starches, modified starches and cellulose derivatives are available, there is a continued need to develop new, safe and effective disintegrants for tablets. Starch and modified starches such as sodium starch glycolate (Primogel), pregelatinized starch, dextrin and cyclodextrins have been used in tablets and capsules as fillers, disintegrants and dry binders. Pregelatinized starch, calcium starch, and starch-urea-borate have been reported as matrix formers for controlled release1,2.

 

The objective of the present study is to prepare and evaluate the disintegration efficacy of a novel disintegrant like starch citrate obtained from native potato starch and to compare with starch and commercially available starch citrate3,4.

 

EXPERIMENTAL:

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Chemicals used in this study were, Paracetamol (SDFCL-SD Fine Chemicals Ltd, Mumbai), Acacia (Loba Chemie pvt Ltd, Mumbai), Potat starch (Final chemicals Ltd, ahmedabad), Lactose (Oxford Laboratory, Mumbai), Magnesium stearate (Himedia Laboratories Pvt Ltd, Mumbai), Talc (Accord Labs, Hyderabad).

 

Procedure for preparation of Starch Citrate:

Starch citrate was prepared based on the method of Klaushfer 3 with some modifications. Citric acid (20g) was dissolved in 20ml of water, the pH of the solution was adjusted to 3.5 with 10M sodium hydroxide and finally the volume was made upto 50 ml by adding water. The citric acid solution (50ml) was mixed with 50g of potato starch in a stainless-steel tray and conditioned for 16 h at room temperature (280C). The tray was then placed in forced air oven and dried at 600C for 6 h. The mixture obtained was ground and further dried in a forced air oven at 1300C for 2 h. The dry mixture was repeatedly washed with water to remove unreacted citric acid. The washed starch citrate was further dried at 500C to remove the water/moisture completely. The product obtained was ground and sized.

 

Physiochemical characterization of Starch Citrate:

Solubility of starch citrate was tested in water, aqueous buffers of pH 1.2, 4.5, and 7.4 and organic solvents such as alcohol, dichloromethane, chloroform, acetone and petroleum ether. The pH of a 1% w/v slurry was measured. Melting point was determined by using melting point apparatus. Viscosity of 1% dispersion in water was measured using Ostwald Viscometer1,3-7. The swelling index, gelling property of the starch and starch citrate prepared were also evaluated. The hygroscopic nature of starch citrate was evaluated by moisture absorption studies in a closed desiccator at 84% relative humidity and room temperature. Particle size analysis was done by sieving using standard sieves. Density (g/cc) was determined by liquid displacement method using benzene as liquid. Bulk density (g/cc) was determined by three tap method in a graduated cylinder. Angle of repose was measured by fixed funnel method. Compressibility index (CI) was determined by measuring the initial volume (Vo) and final volume (V) after hundred tappings of a sample of starch citrate in a measuring cylinder. Compressibility index (CI) = (Vo – V/ Vo) X 100.

 

Microstructure Studies in SEM:

The particles were placed on a gold-coated plate and maintained for at least for 12 hours at room temperature in a desiccator for complete dryness of the sample. The dried sample was coated with a thin layer of gold and the particle size was determined using scanning electron microscope. The scanning electron microscopy was done for modified starch and swollen particles of starch citrate.

 

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR):

An I.R study was carried out to check the compatibility between the selected excipients and paracetamol. The spectra obtained for I.R studies at wavelength from 4000 cm-1 to 400cm-1. 10mg of the sample and 400mg of KBr were taken in a mortar and triturated. A small amount of triturated sample was taken into a pellet maker and was compressed at 10kg/cm2 using a hydraulic press. The pellets was kept onto the sample holder and scanned from 4000cm-1 to 400cm-1 Samples were prepared for Potato starch, pure drug (Paracetamol), Starch citrate physical mixture of drug and Starch, drug and starch cirate, drug, starch and starch citrate. The spectra obtained through those samples were compared and interpreted for the shifting of functional peaks and disappearance or appearance of new functional peaks6-8.

 

Development of calibration curve of paracetamol in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4):

Calibration curve was developed using phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Serial dilutions of 5 to 30µg/ml were prepared and the absorbance of these solutions were measured against the reagent blank at 257nm using UV- spectrophotometer7.

 

Preparation of tablets:

 Formulations of Paracetamol tablets are prepared by wet granulation technique using varying concentration of starch citrate as disintegrant, Acaccia (2%) as a binding agent, Lactose as filler/diluent, magnesium stearate (1%) as lubricant, purified talc (2%) as glidant and purified water as a granulating agent. The dough mass was prepared using drug, Lactose and acaccia. Then pass the moist mass through the sieve no #10. The obtained granules were dried at room temperature. The dried granules were again resieved through sieve no #20. The granules were blended with lubricant, glidant, and then compressed into tablets with 8 mm dies and punches using single rotary multistation compression machine. Starch citrate is included as a disintegrant agent at varying concentration (4%, 6%, 8%,10%)9-12.

 

For comparision tablets were also prepared by using sodium starch glycolate, starch and starch starch citrate (50 50) at same vaying concentrations (4%, 6%, 8%, 10%). Composition of all the formulations are tabulated in Table 1.

 


Table 1- Composition of formulations F1 – F16

INGREDIENTS

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

F6

F7

F8

Paracetamol (mg)

400

400

400

400

400

400

400

400

Starch (mg)

26

39

52

65

-

-

-

-

Starch citrate (mg)

-

-

-

-

26

39

52

65

Sodium starch glycolate (mg)

-

-

-

-

--

-

-

-

Lactose (mg)

191.5

178.5

165.5

152.5

191.5

178.5

165.5

152.5

Acacia (mg)

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

Magnesium stearate (mg)

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.5

Talc (mg)

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

Avg weight

650

650

650

650

650

650

650

650

 

 

Table 1. cont……….

INGREDIENTS

F9

F10

F11

F12

F13

F14

F15

F16

Paracetamol (mg)

400

400

400

400

400

400

400

400

Starch (mg)

13

19.5

26

32.5

-

-

-

-

Starch citrate (mg)

13

19.5

26

32.5

-

-

-

-

Sodium starch glycolate (mg)

-

-

-

-

26

39

52

65

Lactose (mg)

191.5

178.5

165.5

152.5

191.5

178.5

165.5

152.5

Acacia (mg)

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

Magnesium stearate (mg)

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.5

Talc (mg)

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

13

Avg weight

650

650

650

650

650

650

650

650

 


Pre-compression Evaluation:

Flow properties:

Flow properties of prepared tablets were evaluated by hausner’s ratio, compressibility index (%) and angle of repose. Angle of repose was calculated by fixed funnel method. Tapped density and bulk density were used for calculation of hausner’s ratio and compressibility index (%)7,12.

 

Post-compression Evaluation of paracetamol tablets:

The prepared tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability. Hardness and friability was determined by using Monsanto hardness tester and Roche friabilator respectively.

 

Estimation of drug content:

From each batch of tablets prepared, five tablets were accurately weighed and powdered. Tablet powder equivalent to 20 mg of drug was taken for assay into 100 mL conical flask and extracted with methanol. The methanolic extracts were filtered and collected into a 50 mL volumetric flask and the volume was made upto 50 mL with methanol. The solution was then suitably diluted with phosphate buffer of pH 7.2. The absorbance of the solutions was measured at 257nm for paracetamol. Drug content of the tablets were calculated using by standard calibration curve in each case12-14.

 

 

 

 

 

Disintegration Test:

This test was performed by using Disintegrating apparatus. To test for disintegration time15.

 

In vitro drug dissolution studies:

The invitro dissolution studies of the tablets prepared was studied using dissolution test apparatus USPII employing a paddle stirrer at 50 rpm and at 37°±1°C. Phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 (900ml) was used as a dissolution fluid. Samples of 5 ml each, were withdrawn at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes. The samples were suitably diluted with the dissolution fluid and assayed for paracetamol at 257nm and using the corresponding dissolution fluid as blank. Each sample withdrawn was replaced with an equal amount of drug free dissolution fluid16-19.

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Starch citrate was prepared by reacting starch with citric acid at elevated temperatures. When citric acid is heated, it will dehydrate to yield an anhydride. The citric anhydride can thus react with starch to from starch citrate.

 

Physiochemical properties:

Starch citrate prepared were found to be white, crystalline, non hygroscopic powder. All the physicochemical characteristics were evaluated and the results were tabulated in Table 2.

 


 

Table 2- Physiochemical characterization of prepared starch citrate.

Sr. No.

Property

Result

1.

Solubility

Insoluble in all aqueous and organic solvents tested

2.

PH (1% w/v aqueous dispersion)

6.4

3.

Melting Point

Charred at 210oC

4.

Viscosity (1% w/v aqueous dispersion)

1.87 cps

5.

Swelling Index

1400 %

6.

Gelling Property

No gelling and the swollen particles of starch citrate separated from water. Whereas in the case of starch, it was gelatinized and formed gel.

7.

Density

1.54g/cc

8.

Bulk Density

0.841 g/cc

9.

Angle of Repose

20˚040́

10.

Compressibility Index

16.29 %

 


SEM:

The SEM image of starch citrate and swollen particles of starch citrate are shown in Fig. 1. When examined under compound microscope starch citrate was found to be appeared as a semi crystalline in nature. SEM studies give the microscopical properties which will be helpful to assess its physical characters.

 

 

A

 

 

B

Fig. 1- Scanning electron photomicrographs of (A) Starch citrate, (B) Swollen particles of starch citrate.

 

Calibration curve of paracetamol:

Calibration of the drug was done to found out the linearity between concentration of drug in the solution and its optical density. It was concluded that the perfect linearity between the concentration and absorbance was present within the concentration ranging from 05.0µg/ml to 30.0µg/ml.

 

 

Fig. 2- Standard calibration curve of paracetamol at 257 nm

 

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR):

An I.R study was carried out to check the compatibility between the selected excipients and paracetamol. The spectra obtained for I.R studies at wavelength from 4000 cm-1 to 400 cm-1 are showing in Fig 3 -8.

 

After interpretation through the above spectra it was confirmed that there are no major shifting as well as no loss of functional peaks between the spectra of drug, starch citrate, starch, physical mixture of drug + starch, drug + starch citrate, and physical mixture of drug + starch + starch citrate. From the I.R studies it was concluded that, the selected disintegrated agent and other excipients are compatible with the selected drug paracetamol.

 

 

Fig. 3- FTIR spectrum of paracetamol

 

Fig. 4- FTIR spectrum of potato starch

 

 

 

Fig. 5- FTIR spectrum of starch citrate

 

 

 

Fig. 6- FTIR spectrum of drug + starch citrate

 

 

Fig. 7- FTIR spectrum of drug + starch citrate

 

 

Fig. 8- FTIR spectrum of drug + starch citrate + starch

 

 

Pre-compression parameters for granules

Various pre-compression parameters like bulk density, tapped density, hausner’s ratio, compressibility index (%) and angle of repose were determined for granules and shown in the Table 3.

 

Post-compression parameters:

All the post compression parameters of tablet like hardness, friability, drug content, weight variation, were performed and the results were given in the Table 4. The disintegration time of starch citrate tablets were performed and its disintegration efficacy was compared with starch, starch starch citrate tablets and sodiun starch glycolate tablets and results are given in the Table 5. From the result it can be concluded that the starch citrate act as promising superdisintegrat agent.

 


Table 3- Pre compression parameters of granules

Parameters

Bulk density (g/ml)±SD*

Tapped density (g/ml) ±SD*

Hausner’s ratio ±SD*

Compressibility index (%)±SD*

Angle of repose (degrees) ±SD*

f1

0.33±0.002

0.359±0.005

1.123±0.02

7.703±0.08

24 0 401 ±0.39

f2

0.292±0.002

0.322±0.0005

1.144±0.04

9.905±0.007

250.521±0.43

f3

0.306±0.001

0.415±0.002

1.113±0.001

10.28±0.02

270.141±0.31

f4

0.295±0.01

0.325±0.0015

1.165±0.005

10.07±0.005

220.631±0.004

f5

0.30±0.012

0.357±0.03

1.197±0.09

13.85±0.01

260.371±0.28

f6

0.40±0.04

0.475±0.001

1.165±0.005

14.31±0.0028

260.431±0.51

f7

0.38±0.015

0.426±0.002

1.105±0.05

9.108±0.0026

310.231±0.22

f8

0.36±0.013

0.415±0.005

1.145±0.005

12.55±0.05

280.531±0.28

f9

0.306±0.012

0.357±0.03

1.165±0.005

13.85±0.005

260.331±0.39

f10

0.395±0.015

0.435±0.05

1.197±0.09

9.84±0.01

260.371±0.43

f11

0.3673±0.02

0.423±0.001

1.148±0.007

12.55±0.05

260.421±0.31

f12

0.3873±0.0026

0.428±0.001

1.1040±0.002

16.13±0.076

270.621±0.004

f13

0.363±0.013

0.415±0.005

1.148±0.005

12.55±0.05

280.531±0.28

f14

0.424 ±0.002

0.464±0.003

1.088±0.007

8.763±0.0028

290.401±0.51

f15

0.405±0.04

0.475±0.001

1.165±0.005

14.31±0.0028

260.43±0.22

f16

0.3867±0.0021

0.426±0.002

1.105±0.05

9.108±0.0026

310.23±0.51

Values are means of SD± n=3.



 

Table 4- Post compression parameters of compressed tablets

Formulation

 codes

Parameters

Weight variation (%) ± SD

Friability (% weight loss) ± SD

Drug content (mg/tab)±SD

Hardness (kg/cm2)± SD

f1

1.2±0.89

0.65±0.01

99.85±0.01

5.6±0.152

f2

1.004±0.49

0.33±0.02

95.90±0.086

4.25±0.05

f3

2.130±0.85

0.66±0.02

96.71±0.06

4.5±0.20

f4

1.026±0.65

0.78±0.005

103.9±0.02

4.01±0.02

f5

0.0236±0.80

0.72±0.25

97.87±0.015

5.63±0.14

f6

1.63±0.85

0.55±0.03

99.04±0.026

5.2±0.14

f7

1.74±0.54

0.88±0.01

98.27±0.14

4.8±0.15

f8

0.0653±0.49

0.415±0.005

97.62±0.033

4.8±0.152

f9

1.83±0.80

0.56±0.04

97.87±0.015

5.63±0.14

f10

2.511±0.54

0.85±0.03

95.65±0.17

5.74±0.03

f11

2.003±0.44

0.62±0.02

91.57±0.49

5.63±0.15

f12

1.728±0.50

0.74±0.02

93.86±0.04

4.5±0.126

f13

2.542±0.49

0.72±0.25

97.62±0.33

4.8±0.152

f14

1.003±0.44

0.68±0.203

100.2±0.045

4.2±0.12

f15

0.192±0.85

0.85±0.03

99.04±0.026

5.2±0.14

f16

1.934±0.54

0.88±0.01

98.27±0.014

4.8±0.152

Values are means of SD± n=3.

 

Table 5- Comparison of disintegration efficacy of tablet formulations

Formulations

Concentrations (%)

Disintegration time (min – sec)

Starch tablets

Starch citrate tablets

Starch starch citrate tablets

Sodium starch glycolate tablets

4

6.22 (f1)

1.28 (f5)

1.50 (f9)

1.14 (f13)

6

5.54 (f2)

1.07 (f6)

1.41 (f10)

0.59 (f14)

8

3.39 (f3)

0.40 (f7)

1.26 (f11)

0.53 (f15)

10

3.23 (f4)

0.34 (f8)

1.01 (f12)

0.39 (f16)

 

 

 

 

 


In vitro drug release profile studies:

Cumulative amount % of drug release for various formulations are given in Table 6 and Fig 9-12. The invitro release of 8% and 10 % modified starch citrate tablets showed 98.42% and 99.96 % drug release in 30 minutes respectively where as 8% and 10% sodium starch glycolate tablets showed 96.24% and 97.74 % drug release in 30 minutes. Among all the formulations the drug release profile was found to be more in 8% and 10% starch citrate tablets and thus f7 and f8 formulations were found to be the best formulations. Comparative evaluation studies proved that the modified starch citrate showed rapid disintegration than starch tablets and exhibit similar disintegration and dissolution properties like sodium starchglycolate.

 


 

 

Table 6- Invitro drug release profiles of various tablet formulations

Formulation code

% Cumulative drug release

Time (min)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

f1

0

18.49±0.31

25.46±0.40

31.565±0.28

38.52±0.4

44.56±0.06

49.64±0.1

f2

0

21.38±0.45

36.62±0.49

46.51±0.32

61.77±0.23

64.60±0.29

67.61±0.13

f3

0

31.25±0.44

42.52±0.43

52.73±0.22

54.77±0.76

56.63±0.52

58.66±0.42

f4

0

49.03±0.01

55.02±0.98

55.84±0.66

57.45±0.47

58.96±0.63

63.68±0.59

f5

0

59.07±0.84

62.89±0.57

67.96±0.56

76.50±1.0

84.89±0.35

87.32±0.69

f6

0

71.85±0.96

80.43±0.28

85.88±0.49

95.41±0.49

92.36±0.07

93.23±0.93

f7

0

72.24±0.54

85.20±0.51

93.72±0.27

96.00±0.17

97.48±0.45

98.42±0.23

f8

0

91.56±0.73

94.46±0.86

95.38±0.64

97.29±0.30

99.14±0.02

99.96±0.37

f9

0

26.83±1.33

34.83±1.08

43.71±1.24

53.85±2.05

58.68±0.59

63.77±0.88

f10

0

28.86±0.74

33.74±0.44

55.77±0.50

59.11±0.40

71.28±0.10

71.41±0.211

f11

0

34.65±0.67

45.00±0.62

67.98±0.18

72.03±0.95

72.24±0.65

76.22±0.98

f12

0

34.27±0.29

45.92±0.25

69.06±0.18

72.21±1.06

76.38±0.43

79.45±0.35

f13

0

56.76±0.67

57.59±0.56

75.80±0.32

84.42±0.38

87.71±0.30

91.98±0.16

f14

0

72.60±0.59

76.44±0.39

83.08±0.1

89.28±0.31

91.55±0.44

91.50±0.48

f15

0

73.25±0.41

80.26±0.34

89.27±0.28

93.02±0.41

96.04±0.21

96.24±0.21

f16

0

66.35±0.23

76.27±0.37

80.62±0.90

84.93±0.28

87.75±0.75

97.74±0.19

Values are means of SD± n=3.

 


 

Fig. 9- Comparision of in vitro drug release of f1, f9 and f13 with f5 formulations

 

     

Fig. 10- Comparision of in vitro drug release of f2, f10 and f14 with f6 formulations

 

Fig. 11- Comparision of in vitro drug release of f3, f11 and f15 with f7 formulations

 

Fig. 12- Comparision of in vitro drug release of f4, f12 and f16 with f8 formulations

CONCLUSION:

Starch citrate was prepared by reacting potato starch with citric acid at elevated temperature. The modified starch citrate shown rapid disintegration than starch tablets and exhibit similar disintegration and dissolution properties like sodium starchglycolate. As the concentartion of starch citrate increases the disintegration efficacy also increases which leads to the increase in the release of the drug from the formulations. Hence starch citrate can be considered as a promising super disintegrant agent in tablet formulations and it can be concluded as a economical and better choice for commercial use.

 

REFERENCES:

1.     Chowdary KPR, Veeraiah E. Preparation, characterization and evaluation of starch citrate- A new modified starch as a disintegrant in tablet formulations. Int J Pharm Res and Develo.2011;12:9-17.

2.     Chowdary KPR, Veeraiah E. Enhancement of dissolution rate and formulation development of efavirenz tablets employing starch citrate -A new modified starch. J App Pharma Sci.2011; 01:119-123.

3.     Klaushofer H, Berghofer E, Steyrer W. Starch citrates- Production and technical application properties, Bio Cheml Sci.1978; 30:47-51.

4.     Chowdary KPR, Veeraiah E, Achyuth Reddy C H. Formulation development of aceclofenac tablets by wet granulation and direct compression methods employing starch citrate. Int J Comprehensive Pharma.2011; 07:1-5.

5.     Chowdary KPR, Veeraiah E, Sravani P. Formulation development of etoricoxib tablets by wet granulation and direct compression methods employing starch citrate. Res J Pharm.2011; 02:983-993

6.     Chowdary KPR, Tripura Sundari P. Evaluation of calcium starch a new starch-based polymer for controlled release of diclofenac. Int. J. Chem. Sci. 2008; 06:1189-1195.

7.     Chowdary KPR, Veeraiah E, Sandhya Rani A. Preparation and evaluation of starch phosphate- A new modified starch as a disintegrant in tablet formulations. Int. J. Chem. Sci. 2011; 09:893-901.

8.     Chowdary KPR, Veeraiah Enturi, A. Sandhya Rani. Formulation development of aceclofenac tablets employing starch phosphate- A new modified starch. Int J Pharma Sci Res. 2011; 02:124-129.

9.     Bharath S, Raghavendra Naik, Basavaraj B V, Deveswaran R, Madhavan V. Evaluation of complexed starch-urea-citrate as a novel super disintegrants. Asian J Bio Pharma Sci. 2012; 07:01-07.

10.   Veerreddy K, Teja Kumar P, Bolli Sandeep, Sunil Kumar Dangeti. Comparative evaluation of modified starches in different tablet formulations as disintegrants. Der Pharma Let. 2012; 04:1680-1684.

11.   Iqbal Ahmad, AND Riaz Hussain Sheikh. Effect of temperature and humidity on the disintegration time of packaged paracetamol tablet formulations. Pak J Pharma Sci. 1994; 07:1994.

12.   Mofizur Rahman Md, Sumon Roy, Sayeed Hasan, Ashiqul Alam Md, Mithilesh Kumar Jha. Effect of mode of addition of disintegrants on dissolution of model drug from wet granulation tablets. Int J Pharma Sci Res. 2011; 02:84-92.

13.   Ayaz Ahmed, Ayub Alis, Fouzia Hassan, Samina Ayub, Naheed Haque. Effect of disintegrants and hardness on the disintegration time of acetaminophen tablets. Pak J Pharma Sci. 1998; 11:41-46.

14.   Chowdary KPR, Udaya Chandra D. Preparation and evaluation of cross-linked starch urea - a new polymer for controlled release of diclofenac. Int. J. Chem. Sci. 2009; 7:2239-2245.

15.   Chowdary KPR, Veeraiah Enturi, Siva kumar P. Formulation development of nimesulide tablets by wet granulation and direct compression methods employing starch phosphate. Int. J. Chem. Sci. 2011; 09:1595-1606.

16.   Chowdary KPR, D. Udaya Chandra, Parimala V, Indira M. A factorial study on formulation development of ibuprofen tablets employing starch 1500 and PVP K 30. Int J Pharma Sci Res. 2011; 03:189-193.

17.   Amaravathi Vikram, Firoz S, Kishore D, Chandra Mouli D, Venkatramudu T. Formulation and aevaluation of mefamnamic acid tablets by using modified starch. Asian J Pharma Sci Tech. 2012; 02:46-53.

18.   Amaravathi Vikram, Firoz S, Kishore D, Chandra Mouli D, Venkatramudu T. Enhancement of solubility and dissolution of mefamnamic acid by modified starch. Asian J Pharma Sci Tech. 2012; 02:46-53.

19.   Chowdary KPR, Ramya K, Aishwarya KVNR. Adilakshmi K. A factorial study on the enhancement of dissolution rate of aceclofenac by solid dispersion in starch phosphate and gelucire. Int J Res Pharma Chem. 2012; 02:907-912.

 

 

 

 

 

Received on 19.10.2019                Modified on 26.11.2019

Accepted on 29.12.2019   ©Asian Pharma Press All Right Reserved

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2020; 10(2):73-80.

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5691.2020.00014.3