INTRODUCTION:

Nanotechnologies emerge from physical, chemical and biological and engineering sciences where, novel techniques are being developed to probe and manipulate single atoms and molecules. In nanotechnology, a nanoparticle (10^-9 m) is defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport and properties.¹ Nanoparticles are clusters of atoms and their size range from 1–100 nm². They can be synthesized using various elemental materials, namely gold, silver, zinc, platinum etc.³

They are the clusters of atoms and their size range from 1–100 nm.³ Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been used in various cutting edge applications like electronics, communication, sensor, cosmetics, environmental protection, biology and medicinal industry.⁴

In literature survey investigate the production of zinc oxide nanostructure such as laser ablation, hydrothermal methods, electro- chemical depositions, sol- gel method, chemical vapor deposition, thermal decomposition and combustion method. Recently, ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by ultrasound, microwave-assisted combustion method, two-step mechanochemical-thermal synthesis, anodization, co-precipitation and electrophoretic deposition.^5,6

ZnO nanoparticles have received considerable attention due to their antimicrobial, UV blocking, high catalytic and photochemical activities. Synthesis of ZnO NPs via green method have several merits such as, simple, inexpensive, good stability of nanoparticles, less time consumption, non-toxic byproducts and large-scale synthesis. ZnO NP have their own importance due to their vast area of application in gas sensor, chemical sensor, bio-sensor, cosmetics, storage, optical and electrical devices, window materials for displays, solar cells, and drug-delivery.^7,8

Plant Profile:

Family:

Leguminoseae

Subfamily:

Mimoseae

Binomial name:

Albizzia lebbeck

Common name:

Shirish

Plant of part used:

Stem Bark

Pharmacological activity:

Anti- oxidant, anti- diabetic activity, anti- bacterial activity, anti- inflammatory, anti- asthmatic, anti- fertility activity.^9,10,11

Fig. 1: Albizzia lebbeck

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Collection and authentication of the plant material:

The plant material was collected from local areas of Karad and was further identified and authenticated by the Department of Botany, Science College, Karad.

Preparation of plant extracts:

The bark of Albizzia lebbeck were cleaned, dried in a hot air oven (50°C), powdered, passed through 60 mesh sieve (BS) and stored in an airtight container at 4°C till further use. Aqueous extracts were prepared by extracting the powders of bark of Albizzia lebbeck with hot water (70°C) in a mechanical shaker (24h), filtered and freeze dried.

Green synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticle using Albizzia lebbeck extract:

The aqueous bark extract of Albizzia lebbeck and Zinc acetate was used as precursor for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. 20 mg of bark extract was added to 20 ml of distilled water heated at 50⁰C for 10min and 91mM of zinc acetate solution was added drop wise to it with stirring. Reaction temperature was allowed to rise gradually to 60⁰C, 80⁰C and 90⁰C. During the rising of reaction temperature the effect of temperature also studied. The reaction mixture became yellowish and cream colored precipitate of zinc hydroxide was formed. After completion of reaction, the solution was allowed to settle for overnight and supernatant liquid was discarded. The cream colored precipitate formed was washed thoroughly with double distilled water and then centrifuged at 16000rpm for 10min. The obtained precipitate was dried in hot air oven at 80⁰C. The above resulting dried precursor was crushed into powder and stored in an airtight container for further analysis.¹²

Effect of Concentration, Temperature and pH:

Effect of different concentration of A. lebbeck extract (20ml, 40ml, 50ml, 60ml) on synthesized ZnO NPs studied. Effect of temperature studied during the rising of reaction temperature (at temperatue 50⁰C, 60⁰C, 80⁰C and 90⁰C). Effect of pH studied by adding the NaOH into the A. lebbeck extract and Zinc acetate solution (at PH 9, 10, 11, 12).¹³

Characterization:

Optical properties of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles done by UV- visible spectroscopy (Jasco 4600, Japan) with the wavelength range of 200- 800 nm confirm the formation of nanoparticle.FTIR (Jasco 4100, Japan) carried out with the spectral range of 4000- 400 cm^-1. XRD pattern studied by diffractometer (Brucker D2 Phaser X-Diffractometer) for the identification of crystal density, purity of the nanoparticles. Morphology of ZnO nanoparticle analysed by Scanning electron microscopy (JSM 6360). Particle size and Zeta potential of synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by Malvern Zeta sizer instrument (Nano- ZS90).^14,15

UV- visible analysis:

UV- visible analysis of prepared Zinc oxide nanoparticles was carried out with wavelength range of 200- 800nm. For measurement of UV- visible analysis prepared ZnO NPs were dispersed in distilled water. Distilled water was used as a reference standard. Fig. 3 shows the absorption peak at 213nm indicating the formation of nanoparticles.

Fig. 3: UV- visible analysis of synthesized ZnO NPs

Effect of Concentration on ZnO NPs:

The effect of different concentration of A. lebbeck extract 20, 30, 40 and 50ml was studied. An increase in the absorption and peak was observed after increasing the concentration of bark extract from 20ml to 50ml. Increasing the concentration of extract to zinc acetate solution resulted color changes because of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) excitation due to the collective oscillation of free conduction electrons induced by an interacting electromagnetic field. Maximum absorption observed with 50ml of extract in 50ml of zinc acetate. Fig. 4 shows effect of concentration on ZnO NPs.

Fig. 4: Overlay UV image of ZnO NPs in different A. lebbeck concentration

Effect of pH On ZnO NPs:

pH is an important factor affecting the synthesis of nanoparticles. pH 9-pH 12 was studied during the formation of nanoparticles. In this, low absorption peak was observed at pH 9 while maximum absorption peak was observed at pH 11 and pH 12. And this increase in the absorbance at pH12 suggested the reduction of zinc acetate to the zinc nanoparticle. Fig. 5 shows effect of pH on ZnO NPs.

Fig. 5: Overlay UV image of ZnO NPs at different pH

Effect of Temperature on ZnO NPs:

Effect of temperature is major governing factor in the synthesis of nanoparticle. Effect of temperature at 50º, 60ºC, 80ºC and 90ºC was studied during optimization reaction. The results indicated the spectra at 50ºC observed low absorption peak while at 80ºC maximum absorption peak was observed at 205nm. Fig. 6 shows effect of temperature on ZnO NPs.

Fig. 6: Overlay UV image of ZnO NPs at different temperatures

FTIR analysis:

FTIR of Albizzia lebbeck:

Fig. 7 shows the FTIR spectra of Albizzia lebbeck bark extract in the range of 4000cm^-1 to 400cm^-1. FTIR shows peak at 3421.1 cm^-1, 1641.13 cm^-1, 1133.94 cm^-1, 744.388 cm^-1 which correspond to N-H Stretch amine, C=C bond stretch alkane, C-N Stretch aliphatic, C-Cl Stretch alkyl halide respectively. Some peak at 3181.97 cm^-1, 3064.33 cm^-1, 2753.85 cm^-1 shows the C-H Stretching due to the aromatic ring, alkene and aldehyde respectively.

Fig. 7: FTIR spectra of Albizzia lebbeck extract

Table 1: Interpretation of FTIR of Albizzia lebbeck bark extract

Sr No.	Wave number (cm-1)	Functional group
1.	3421.1 cm-1	N-H Stretch amine
2.	3181.97 cm-1	C-H Stretch aromatic ring
3.	3064.33 cm-1	C-H Stretch alkene
4.	2753.85 cm-1	C-H Stretch aldehyde
5.	1641.13 cm-1	C=C bond stretch alkane
6.	1133.94 cm-1	C-N Stretch aliphatic
7.	744.388 cm-1	C-Cl Stretch alkyl halide

FTIR of Synthesized ZnO NPs:

Fig. 8 shows IR Spectra of synthesized Zno nanoparticle. Prominent peak obtained at 3563.81cm^-1, 3405.67cm^-1, 3191.61cm^-1 corresponding to O-H Stretching Hydrogen bonded, N-H Stretching Pri, Sec, Ter amine and C-H Stretching aromatic ring respectively. Sharp peak at 1739.48cm^-1 and 1367.28cm^-1 correspond to C=O Stretching saturated ester and C-H Bending alkane respectively. Weak peak obtained at 1101cm^-1 are due to the presence of C-N Stretching aliphatic. Ignorable peak was obtained at 703.89cm^-1, it suggested C-Cl from alkyl halide.

Fig. 8: FTIR spectra of synthesized ZnO nanoparticle

Table 2: Interpretation of FTIR of synthesized ZnO NP

Sr no.	Wave number (cm^-1)	Functional group
1.	3563.81cm^-1	O-H Stretching Hydrogen bonded
2.	3405.67 cm^-1	N-H Stretching Pri, Sec, Ter amine
3.	3191.61 cm^-1	C-H Stretching aromatic ring
4.	1739.48cm^-1	C=O Stretching saturated ester
5.	1367.28cm^-1	C-H Bending alkane
6.	1101.15 cm^-1	C-N Stetching aliphatic
7.	703.89 cm^-1	C-Cl from alkyl halide

X- ray diffraction:

X- ray diffraction was used to analyze the potential changes occur in the inner structure of zinc oxide nanoparticles during the formulation. XRD study is used for identification and quantitative determination of crystallanity form. Fig.9 shows the XRD spectra of Zinc oxide nanoparticles. The resulting sharper peak concluded crystallanity present in the optimized zinc oxide nanoparticles. The resulting diffraction pattern proved that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles possess nano- dimensional state.

Fig. 9: XRD Pattern of synthesized ZnO nanoparticle

Scanning Electron Microscopy:

SEM was used to analyze the shape of ZnO nanoparticle prepared using A. lebbeck. Resulting images showed the individual shape of nanoparticle as depicted in Fig. 10 (a), (b), (c), (d) which indicated the hexagonal nanoparticles.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 10 (a), (b), (c), (d) SEM photograph of synthesized ZnO nanoparticle

Particle Size By Particle size analyzer:

Fig. 11 shows the particle size distribution of synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles. Resultant particle size analysis showed size distribution of nanoparticles with maximum intensity. The average particle size of synthesized nanoparticle was found to be 65.3nm.

Fig. 11: Particle size of synthesized ZnO nanoparticle by particle size analyzer

Zeta Potential:

Fig.12 shows analyzed Zeta potential of the synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticle in the colloidal solution. The resulting zeta potential value is directly related to the stability of ZnO NPs in an aqueous nanosuspension. The zeta potential value of synthesized ZnO nanoparticle was found to be -35.7 mV and the result suggests that the particles are moderately stable.ts that the particles are fairly stable due to the electrostatic repulsion.

Fig. 12: Zeta potential of synthesized ZnO nanoparticle

Stability studies:

Particle size:

Particle size of synthesize nanoparticles were carried out after 3 month of stability which was found to be 73.4nm. observed data concluded after stability of nanoparticles are within the range. Fig. 13 show particle size of nanoparticles after 3 month of stability

Fig.13 Particle size of synthesize nanoparticle after 3 month of stability

Zeta potential:

Zeta potential was carried out after 90 days of storage stability which was found to be – 31.9mV. observed stability data concluded nanoparticles were moderately stable after 3 month of storage stability. Fig. 14 shows zeta potential of after stability of naoparticle.

Fig. 14 Zeta potential of synthesize nanoparticle after 3 month of stability

CONCLUSION:

This study reports that A. lebbeck mediated green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticle and study of it’ s characterization. Synthesized nanoparticles via green route was advantageous method because of it’ s simplicity, non- toxic, cost effectiveness and large scale of production. Optical properties characterized by UV- visible absorption spectroscopy indicates blue shift with increasing concentration of plant extract during the formation of nanoparticle. XRD pattern reveals that Crystallanity present in the ZnO nanoparticles. SEM images suggest that synthesized ZnO NPs were spherical and hexagonal in nature. Particle size and Zeta potential of prepared ZnO NPs were found to be 65.3and -35.7 respectively. Stability study carried out by Particle size and zeta potential which was found to be 73.4nm and -31.9 respectively. Resulting particle size value concluded particles are within the range and zeta potential value concluded synthesize nanoparticles are moderately stable after 3 month of storage.

AKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors are thankful to Dr. C. S. Magdum; Pricipal and Dr. S. K. Mohite; Vice Principal for providing research facilities necessary for the research work.

REFERENCES:

1. Singh Manoj, Manikandan. S, Kumaraguru A.K. Nanoparticles: A new technology with wide applications. Research Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.2010; 1(1): 1-11.

2. Shah Naseem S, Ali Imran S, Ali Rizwan S, Naeem M, Bibi Yasmeen, Ali Rehan.S, Raza Masood S, Khan Yousuf and Khan Sherwani Sikander. Synthesis and characterization of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles for antibacterial applications. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2016; 12: 205-210.

3. Mohanraj VJ, and Chen Y. Nanoparticles – A Review.Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2006; 5 (1): 561-573.

4. K Sanjay. Saponins of Albizia lebbek in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Indian Journal of Natural Products. 2003; 19: 42-48.

5. Scarisoreanu, N, Metai, DG, Dinescu, G, Epurescu, G, Ghica, C, Nistor, LC, Dinescu, M. Properties of ZnO thin films prepared by radio-frequency plasma beam assisted laser ablation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2005; 247: 518–525.

6. Ni, YH, Wei, XW, Hong, JM, Ye, Y. Hydrothermal synthesis and optical properties of ZnO nanorods. Mater. Sci. Eng., B, Solid State Mater. Adv. Technol. 2005; 121: 42–47.

7. Singh, O, Kohli, N, Singh, RC. Precursor controlled morphology of zinc oxide and its sensing behavior. Sens. Actuators B. 2013; 178: 149–154.

8. Vazquez, A, Lopez, IA, Gomez, I. Growth mechanism of one-dimensional zinc sulfide nanostructures through electrophoretic deposition. J. Mater. Sci. 2013; 48: 2701–2704.

9. Une H.D, Pal S.C, Kasture V.S, Kasture S.B. Phytochemical constituents and pharmacological profile of Albizzia lebbeck. Journal of Natural Remedies. 2001; 1(1): 1- 5.

10. Shah Biren, Dikshit C. Modi, Shau Dipanshu and Desai Rajvi V. Phyto Pharmacological Profile of Albizzia Lebbeck. Pharmacologyonline. 2010; 2: 931-937.

11. Mishra S.S, Gothecha V.K and Sharma Anita. Albizia lebbeck: A Short Review. Journal of Herbal Medicine & Toxicology. 2010; 4(2): 9-15.

12. Bala Niranjan, Saha S, Chakraborty M, Maiti M, Das S,Basub R. and Nandy P. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Hibiscus subdariffa leaf extract: effect of temperature on synthesis, anti-bacterial activity and anti-diabetic activity. Royal Society of chemistry Adv. 2015; 5: 4993–5003.

13. Jamdagni Pragati, Khatri Poonam, Rana J.S. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using flower extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and their antifungal activity. Journal of King Saud University – Science. 2018; 30: 168–175.

14. Chaudhuri Sadhan Kumar, Malodia Lalit. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of Calotropis gigantea: characterization and its evaluation on tree seedling growth in nursery stage. Appl Nanosci. 2017; 7: 501–512.

15. Sukirthaa Raman, Priyankaa Manasa Kandula, Antonya Jacob Joe, Kamalakkannana Soundararajan, Thangamb Ramar et al. Cytotoxic effect of Green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Melia azedarach against in vitro HeLa cell lines and lymphoma mice model. Process Biochemistry. 2012; 47: (273–279).

Received on 27.06.2018 Accepted on 22.09.2018

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2019; 9(1): 01-06.

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5691.2019.00001.7